Ingqondo yengqondo yintsimi eyahlukeneyo yenzululwazi, uphando olusoloko ludla umdla oluthile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukunyuka kwayo kwakungazange kwenzeke. Wafunda okwenyaniso, mhlawumbi iinjongo ezifihlakeleyo zokuziphatha kwabantu, imeko yabo, bafundisa ukuba baqonde injongo yabo yangempela.
Siye saqulunqa uluhlu lwezilingo ezidumileyo zengqondo, ezinokubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba umntu akazi yonke into ngaye. Imida emitsha iyavula, abaninzi banokuqonda ukuba ukulawula okubonakalayo kukukhohliswa, ngokwenene umntu akakwazi ukuzilawula kwaye uyaqiniseka. Jonga ngokukhawuleza kwoluhlu, mhlawumbi uza kufumana into entsha.
1. "Uvavanyo oluchasayo".
UJane Elliot, utitshala wase-Iowa, wakhulisa umbandela wokuchaswa eklasini yakhe emva kokuba uMartin Luther King wabulawa. Kule meko, abafundi beklasi yakhe ebomini ngokuqhelekileyo abazange bathethe nabancinci abahlala kwindawo yabo. Ingundoqo yolu vavanyo kukuba iklasi yahlula ngokwemibala yamehlo - eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye emdaka. Ngelinye ilanga wayekhetha abafundi be-blue eye eyesibini Uvavanyo lwakubonisa ukuba iqela "elixinezelekileyo" liziphatha ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Akukho nxaxheba, akukho mnqweno wokuzibonakalisa. Iqela lezintandokazi nakweyiphi na imeko libonakalisa, nangona ilanga alinakukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemvavanyo ezinikezelwe yimisebenzi.
2. Ipiyano yomjikelo.
Kwinqanaba leVolkswagen, uvavanyo lwenziwa ngokubonisa ukuba xa wenza izinto zansuku zonke zikhangeleka, ubomi abuyi kuba buhlungu. Kuqhutywe isifundo eStockholm, eSweden. Amanyathelo okunyuka kwamatrosi ajika aphendulwa ngepiyano yomculo. Injongo yolu vavanyo kukufumanisa ukuba ingaba le nqanaba lomculo liya kushukumisela ukushiya i-escalator. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abantu abangama-66% bakhetha umlinganiselo womculo imihla ngemihla, baphendukela emibini imizuzu kubantwana. Izinto ezinjalo zingenza ubomi bube mnandi, bugcwele, kwaye abantu baphilile.
3. "Umncedisi onqabileyo."
Ngo-2007, ngeJanuwari 12, abahamba ngeendwendwe kunye nabatyeleli beendlela zangaphantsi babe nethuba lokuphulaphula i-violin virtuoso uJoshua Bell. Wadlala imizuzu engama-45 kwishintsho enye yemidlalo enzima kakhulu, eyenza nge-violin ngesandla. Kubantu abadlulileyo, abantu aba-6 kuphela bamphulaphule, 20 bawanika imali, abanye bahamba, abazali baxosha abantwana xa beyeka ukuphulaphula umculo. Akukho mntu unomdla kwiimeko ze-violinist. Isixhobo sakhe nomsebenzi. Xa uYohn Bella eseqedile ukudlala, kwakungekho nkqangaza. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba ubuhle abubonwanga kwindawo engaxakekanga kwaye ngexesha elingafanelekanga. Ngethuba elifanayo kwiikhonkethi ze-violinist kwiikiti zeehholo ze-symphony zathengiswa kwangaphambili, iindleko zazo zayi-$ 100.
4. Uvavanyo lokutshaya.
Uvavanyo lwaloo nto abantu bebuzwa ngayo kwigumbi elincinci lugcwala umsi ovela ngaphantsi komnyango. Kwimizuzu engama-2 kwipota, abantu abangama-75% bathi umsi ungena kwigumbi. Xa abalingani abambalwa bangezelelwe kwigumbi, nabo babesebenza kwiphepha lemibuzo, kodwa babezenza ngathi akukho msi, abantu aba-9 kwabangama-10 bamkela isikhundla sabo, bengabandezeleka. Injongo yophando kukubonisa ukuba abaninzi banokutshintshela uninzi, ukufumana isimo sengqondo esingalunganga. Kubalulekile ukuba ngulowo owenza ngokuzithandela.
5. Uvavanyo lwezentlalo eKarllsberg kwi-brewery.
Ubungakanani bokuzama: le mbini yafaka iholo egcweleyo ye-cinema, apho kwakukho izihlalo ezingenanto ezimbini phakathi. Ezinye iindwendwe zazihamba ngeebhasi. Abanye bashiye, kodwa ukuba eso sibini sithatha indawo efanelekileyo, safumana i-rumble of approval kunye nomgudu webhiya njengebhonasi. Injongo yolu vavanyo ukubonisa ukuba abantu abakwazi ukugwetywa ngokubonakala.
6. Ingqiqo yomqolomba umphangi.
Ingundoqo yolu vavanyo ukubonisa ukuba, ngenxa yokhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba buya kuncipha. Abafana be-11 kunye neminyaka eyi-12 bahlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini kwaye bahlala kwenkampu ehlathini, ngokuzimeleyo, bengayazi malunga nobukho bamashishini. Kwiveki kamva baziswa, kwaye i-negative imbi ngenxa yokhuphiswano. Emva kweveki kamva badibana ngokusombulula ingxaki eqhelekileyo eqhelekileyo - baxhamla amanzi, anqunyulwa yimimiselo phantsi kweemeko. Isizathu esivakalayo sivuthwe, sibonise ukuba lo msebenzi ususa ububi, ukhuthaza ubudlelwane obusondeleyo.
7. Zama ngeeskese.
Abantwana abaneminyaka engama-4 ukuya kweyesi-6 bawela kwigumbi apho iipesele zimi etafileni (marshmallows, pretzels, cookies). Baxelelwe ukuba banokutya, kodwa ukuba babenokulindela imizuzu eyi-15, bafumana umvuzo. Kwabantwana abangama-600 kuphela inxalenye encinane ngexesha elinye badla ukuphathwa kwithebula, abanye babelinde ngomonde umvuzo, ngaphandle kokuthinta ubumnandi. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba le nxalenye yabantwana kamva ibe neenjongo eziphambili kwiimpilo kunabantwana abangenakuzikhusela.
8. Uvavanyo lweMilgram.
Uvavanyo luqhutywe ngo-1961 ngu-Stanley Milgram wezengqondo. Injongo yalo kukubonisa ukuba umntu uya kulandela imiyalelo egunyazisiweyo, nokuba ayingozi abanye. Izifundo zazinendima yotitshala abangakwazi ukulawula isihlalo sombane apho umfundi ebehleli khona. Kwakudingeka aphendule imibuzo xa bephosakele, baphuma. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela ukuba abantu abangama-65% baqhuba umyalelo wokudubula, ukulawula okwangoku, okungawuthintela lula umntu wobomi. Ukuthobela, okuveliswa ukususela ebuntwaneni, akuyona into ebalulekileyo. Uvavanyo lubonise ngokucacileyo oku.
9. Zama ngengozi yemoto.
Ngethuba lovavanyo lwango-1974, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba baqwalasele ukuqhuma kwemoto. Injongo kukubonisa ukuba izigqibo zabantu ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeke kwindlela le mibuzo ibuzwa ngayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bahlulwe ngamaqela a-2, babuzwa malunga nezinto ezifanayo, kodwa iifom kunye nezenzi zahluka. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela ukuba imbono yomntu ovela ngaphandle ixhomekeke kwindlela umbuzo owawubuzwa ngayo. Akunjalo rhoqo ingxelo enjalo.
Iingcamango zobuxoki.
Abafundi beyunivesithi babuzwa ukuba bavuma ukuba iinqununu zeeyure bahambahamba ngekampus njengesikhangiso esiphilayo - kunye nebhodi enkulu enegama elithi "Yidla noJoe." Abo bavuma baqinisekile ukuba abaninzi iqela liya kuvuma. Ngokufanayo, abo banqabile ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kulo mvavanyo. Uphando lubonise ngokucacileyo ukuba umntu oqhele ukukholelwa ukuba uluvo lwakhe luhambelana noluvo lwesininzi.
Uvavanyo olungabonakaliyo lweGorilla.
Abaphindiweyo babukele le vidiyo, apho abantu aba-3 emikhankeni emhlophe kunye nabantu aba-3 kumatshini amnyama badlala ibhasikidi. Kwakudingeka babone abadlali kwiimakhati ezimhlophe. Ephakathi kwevidiyo kwintendelezo yabonakala i-gorilla, kwaye iyonke yahlala khona imizuzwana engama-9. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela ukuba abanye ababengaboni nonke, babambelele ekubukeni abadlali. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba abaninzi abaqapheli nantoni na kubo, kwaye abanye abaqondi ukuba bahlala bexhalabile.
12. Uphando "i-Monster".
Lo mzamo namhlanje uthathwa njengengozi kwaye awusayi kwenziwa. Kwiminyaka engama-30, injongo yakhe yayikukubonisa ukuba ukuguqulwa akusiyo ukuphambuka kwezakhi zofuzo, kodwa i-organic one. Izintandane ezingama-22 zahlula ngamaqela amabini. UDkt. Johnson uzame ukubonisa ukuba xa ubeka iqela elinye njengento yokubetha abantwana, intetho yabo iya kuba yingozi. Kwafika amaqela amabini. Eli qela, elibizwa ngokuba liqhelekileyo, linike isifundo kwaye lathola uvavanyo oluhle. Ilungu lesibini liqaphele, ngokuqaphela, lenze inkulumo, engaqiniseki ngamakhono ayo. Ekugqibeleni, nabo banabo abangazange baqale ukubetha, bafumene le ngozi. Umntwana oyedwa kuphela akafumananga ukuphulwa. Abantwana abaye baqhaqhazela, baqhubekisa imeko. Kwiqela lesibini, umntwana oyedwa kuphela onenkathazo yokuthetha. Kwixesha elizayo, ukubetha okufunyenweyo kwahlala kunye nabantwana ubomi, uvavanyo lwabonakala lunobungozi.
13. Cinga ngefuthe le-Hawthorne.
Zama ngeempembelelo ze-Hawthorne zenziwa ngo-1955. Wayeqhuba injongo yokubonisa ukuba izimo zokusebenza zithinta umkhiqizo. Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho ukuba uphuculo (ukukhanya okungcono, ikhefu, iiyure zokusebenza ezifutshane) azichaphazeli umphumo wokugqibela. Abantu basebenze bhetele, beqonda ukuba umnini-shishini ubakhathalele. Bakuvuyela ukuziva ukubaluleka kwabo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwakhula.
14. Zama ngempembelelo ye-halo.
Injongo yalo kukubonisa ukuba ukuqala ukucinga ngomntu kubangela ukuba, kwixesha elizayo, iimpawu zakhe zibonakala. U-Edward Thorndike, ongu-pedagogue kunye neengqondo zeengqondo, wacela abalawuli ababini ukuba bavavanye ijoni kwiimpawu ezithile zomzimba. Injongo yayikukubonisa ukuba umntu owake wafumana ukuvavanya okulungileyo kwejoni, kwixesha elizayo, kwangaphambili, wamnika inkcazo enhle yezinye. Ukuba ekuqaleni kwakukho ukugxeka, umlawuli wanikezela ukuvavanya okungahambi kakuhle kwejoni. Oku kukhombise ukuba ukuqala kokuqala kubandakanya indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni ukuxhumana.
15. Icala likaKetty Genovese.
Ukubulawa kukaKitti kwakungacwangciswanga njengoluvavanyo, kodwa kwakuchukumisa ukufunyanwa kweso sifundo esithi "Bidentar." Impembelelo yombonisi ibonakala, ukuba umntu akathintelwa ukuba angaphazamise imeko engxamisekileyo ngenxa yobukho bakhe. UGenouvese wabulawa kwindlu yakhe, kwaye amangqina awayebukeleyo akazange alinde ukumnceda okanye abize amapolisa. Isiphumo: ababonayo banqumle ukungangqubani nento eyenzekayo xa kukho amanye amangqina, kuba abaziva bexanduva.
16. Cinga ngeDobo doll.
Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha komntu kufundiswa ngoncedo lwentlalo yoluntu, ukukopisha kwaye akuyiyo inzalo.
UAlbert Bandura wasebenzisa idobo likaBobo ukubonisa ukuba abantwana bayayikopisha ukuziphatha kwabantu abadala. Wabahlula abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela eliqela:
- omnye umntwana waqala ukuphinda ukuziphatha kakubi kudoli, ukukopisha abantu abadala;
- okwesibini kudlalwa nje nge doll, ukulingisa umntu omdala;
- Kwiqela lesithathu babengabantwana abangabonakali kubantu abadala.
Ngenxa yolu vavanyo, isazi safumanisa ukuba abantwana basoloko basebenzisa imodeli yokuziphatha, ngokukodwa abafana.
17. Cinga ngokuvumelana no-Asch (Ash).
Ukuzama kwe-Ash kubonisa ukuba abantu bazama ukuhambelana neemeko zeqela loluntu. Indoda yafika egumbini kunye nezifundo zokuvavanya, ibambe ngesandla sayo umfanekiso kunye nemigca emithathu. Wacela wonke umntu ukuba athethe yiphi emigqeni yona mde. Uninzi lwabantu lenza iimpendulo ezingalunganga. Kubo, abantu abatsha babekwe egumbini, abazama ukufanisa ininzi eyaphendulwa ngokungalunganga. Ngenxa yoko, kuboniswe ukuba kwiimeko zeqela, abantu bavame ukwenza njengabo bonke, nangona bubungqina besikhokelo esifanelekileyo.
18. UmSamariya olungileyo.
Kwixesha lovavanyo libonakaliswe ukuba imeko yeemeko ithintela kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kobubele. Iqela labafundi be-Princeton seminary seminari ezaliswe ngo-1973 i-questionnaire yemfundo yezenkolo kunye nemisebenzi. Emva kokuya kwesinye isakhiwo. Abafundi banezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo malunga nesantya sokunyakaza kwaye baqalisa utshintsho. Etaweni yesitrato, umlingisi walingisa isimo esingenakunceda (wazingela, ebonisa imeko embi yempilo). Ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya sohambo lwabathathi-nxaxheba, kwakuxhomekeke ekubeni bangaphi abafundi ababanceda umntu. I-10% yabantu bayashesha kwesinye isakhiwo, bamnceda; abo bahamba ngaphandle kokukhawuleza basabela kwingxaki yakhe kwizinga eliphezulu. 63% abathathi-nxaxheba bancede. Ukukhawuleza kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo, eyathintela umsebenzi olungileyo.
19. Ikhamera kaFranz.
UFranz ngo-1961 wabonisa ukuba umntu sele sele ezalwe ngokukhetha ukujonga ubuso bomntu. Usana lubekwe, ibhodi yamiselwa phezu kwayo, apho kwakukho imifanekiso emi-2 - ubuso bomntu kunye neenkomo yenkomo. UFranz wabheka phezulu, waza waphetha ukuba umntwana ukhangele ubuso bomntu. Le nyaniso ichazwa ngale ndlela - ubuso bomntu bunolwazi olubalulekileyo kwimpilo yomntwana kamva.
20. Uvavanyo lwesithathu lokutshatyalaliswa.
URon Johnson, utitshala wembali kwisikolo esiphakeme saseCalifornia, wabonisa isizathu sokuba amaJamani amkele ubukumkani ubuNazi. Wachitha iintsuku eziliqela eklasini yokuzivocavoca okufuneka ahlangane kwaye aqeqeshe. Intlangano yaqala ukukhula, inani labalandeli landa, waqokelela abafundi kwi-rally kwaye wathi baya kuxelwa ngumbhala wexesha elizayo likamabonwakude. Xa abafundi befika - badibana nesitishi esingenanto, kwaye utitshala uthetha ngendlela iNazi yaseJamani eyasebenza ngayo kwaye yintoni eyimfihlelo yenkohliso yayo.
21. Uvavanyo loluntu.
Uvavanyo lwe-Facebook 2012 lwaba lukhulu. Abadali benethiwekhi yentlalo abazange baxelele abasebenzisi babo malunga nalo. Ngeveki e-1, ingqwalaselo ebalulekileyo yabasebenzisi yayigxile kwiindaba ezimbi okanye ezilungileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kubonakaliswe ukuba isimo sengqondo esadluliselwa kubasebenzisi kwi-intanethi yintlalo, sichaphazela ngqo ubomi babo boqobo. Iziphumo zolu phando ziphikisana, kodwa wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ithintelo namhlanje amanxibelelwano enzentlalo kunabantu.
22. Cinga ngunina wokuzalwa.
Ngama-1950s-1960 uHarry Harlow wenza isifundo, ezama ukufumana uxhulumaniso phakathi kothando lomama kunye nophuhliso oluhle lomntwana. Abathathi-nxaxheba kulo mvavanyo babe macaque. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa, ii-cubs zafakwa kwiziganeko ezikhethekileyo eziza kunika isondlo kubaselula. Isiqalo sokuqala sasihlanganiswe ngetambo, sesibini ngeyambatho elithambileyo. Ngenxa yoko, yabonakaliswa ukuba ii-cubs zafikelela kwi-subrogate. Ngexesha lokuxhalaba, bamkela, befumana induduzo. Ezi zinyana zakhula zixhalabele. Iibhokhwe ezakhula ecaleni kwesigxina esithongwe ngetambo azizange zive ngobudlelwane obusondelene, i-grid yayingeyona into efanelekileyo kubo. Babengenasiphelo, baphuthukela emanzini.
23. Zama kwi-dissonance engqondweni.
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo uLeon Festinger ngowe-1959 wabutha iqela lezifundo, ebamema ukuba benze umsebenzi onzima, kwakunzima ukuguqula iigwegwe ebhodini ngeyure eli-1. Ngenxa yoko, enye inxalenye yeqela ihlawulwe i-$ 1, i-$ 20 yesibini. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba emva kokuphuma kwigumbi, ezinye izifundo zichaze ukuba lo msebenzi wawumnandi. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana i-$ 1 bathi bakulindele ukuba umsebenzi uhlekise. Abo bafumana i-$ 20 bathi umsebenzi wawungekho umdla. Isiphetho - umntu oqinisekisileyo ukuxoka, akayakhohlisi, ukholelwa kuyo.
24. I-Expert Prison yaseStanford.
Uvavanyo lwejele laseStanford luqhutywe nguprofesa wezesengqondo uPhilip Zimbardo ngowe-1971. Uprofesa wathi ukuphathwa kakubi entolongweni kwakuchukunyiswa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolwazi kunye nabakhonzi. Abafundi bahlulwe ngamaqela amabini - amabanjwa, abalindi. Ekuqaleni kovavanyo, amabanjwa angena "entolongweni" ngaphandle kwempahla yakhe, ehamba. Bafumana ifom ekhethekileyo, iibhedi. Abalindi baqala ukubonisa ubundlobongela kubanjwa emva kweeyure ezimbalwa emva kokuqala kovavanyo. Kwiveki kamva, abanye baqala ukubonisa ukunyaniseka kweentolongo kumabanjwa. Abafundi badlala indima "yamabanjwa" baphukile ngokuziphatha nangokwenyama. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba umntu uthatha indima echaseneyo, imodeli yokuziphatha kuluntu. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kovavanyo, akukho nanye kulabo "babekhuselekile", abazange babonise ukuthambekela okukhohlakeleyo.
25. Ingqiqo "Elahlekile kwiMall".
I-Gene Koan kunye nomfundi we-psychology u-Elizabeth Loftus ubonise ubugcisa beememori ezifakelwayo, ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba iinkumbulo zamanga zingadalwa ngokusekelwe kwiziphakamiso zokulinga. Wathatha umfundi njengomxholo wokuvavanya kwintsapho yakhe, wanikela iinkumbulo zamanga ukususela ebuntwaneni bakhe malunga nendlela abalahlekelwa ngayo kwiziko lokuthenga. Amabali ahlukile. Emva kwexesha elithile, umntu oqhekezayo watshela umzalwana wakhe ibali elibuxoki, kwaye umntakwabo waze wacacisa kulo lonke ibali. Ekugqibeleni yena wayengenakuqonda apho imemori engamanga, kunye nalapho ikhoyo khona. Ngethuba lexesha, kunzima ukuba umntu ahlule iinkumbulo eziqingqiweyo ezivela kwiinyaniso.
26. Zama ukungenakunceda.
UMartin Seligman waqhuba ngo-1965 uchungechunge lwezifundo malunga nokuqiniswa kakubi. Ngokweyakhe, izinja zathatha inxaxheba: emva kokuba intsimbi izwakala, endaweni yokutya bafumana ukukhutshwa okuncane kombane. Ngelo xesha, bahlala benganyanzelwanga kwi-harness. Kamva, izinja zafakwa kwifeneni enecingo. Abanye bathi emva kokufowunelwa kwabo baya kugxuma phezu kwayo, kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke. Izinja ezingazange zidlule uvavanyo, emva kofowuni kunye nokuzama ukutshatyalaza ngombane, ngokukhawuleza zabalekela. Oku kubonisa ukuba amava amaninzi ngaphambili adenza umntu angancedi, akazami ukuphuma kuloo meko.
27. Uvavanyo oluthile luka-Albert.
Namhlanje, ukuhlolwa kuthathwa njengakuphumelelanga, kungabikho nto. Kwakuqhutywa ngo-1920 nguJohn Watson kunye noRosalie Reiner kwiYunivesithi yakwaJohn Hopkins. Umntwana oneminyaka elilodwa ubudala u-Albert wabeka kwi-mattress phakathi kwegumbi kunye nesilwanyana esimhlophe. Emva koko, kwakukho izandi ezininzi ezivakalayo kunye ne-periodicity encinci, apho umntwana wasabela ngokukhala. Emva koko, kuphela i-rat yaboniswa kuye, wayeyijonga njengomthombo wokucaphukisa, odibene nengxolo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuphendula okunjalo kwakuzo zonke iifuni ezimhlophe ezincinci ezimhlophe. Yonke into efana naye, yaqalisa ukukhala. Uvavanyo aluqhutyelwe namhlanje ngenxa yokuba ayihambisani nomthetho, lininzi ixesha elingafanelekanga.
28. Ingqiqo yenja yePavlov.
UPavlov wenza uphando oluninzi, ngexesha apho wafumanisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezingahambelani neengcamango zingaphukisa ukubonakala kwakhe. Oku kwasungulwa xa ebetha intsimbi kwaye wanika inja ukutya. Emva kwexeshana, nje le nto isicatshulwa. Oku kubonise ukuba umntu ufunda ukudibanisa i-stimulus kwi-reflex, i-reflex condition.