Ukusuka ebudeni obude kakhulu be-archaic, xa abantu beqala ukufunda iphela, ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziphilayo, njengenkolo yokuqala. Ubomi buphila kwaye yonke into equle umoya okanye umphefumlo: into, ilitye, isilwanyana, umntu. Ngoko abantu basendulo babekholelwa kuzo zonke iingqungquthela zomhlaba.
Animism - yintoni na?
Umongameli waseNgilandi u-E. Tyler wayecinga ukuba zonke iinkolo ezazikho ukuza kumhla zivela kwiimbono eziphathekayo zomntu. NgesiLatini, i-animism yi-anima, i-animus ngumphefumlo okanye umoya. Ukholo kwisiqalo esingokomoya okanye iwele eziqhelekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye nokungapheleli. Umphefumlo nomoya yizinto ezingabonakali kwiso luntu, kwaye ukuba umphefumlo unxulumene nezinto eziphathekayo apho zikhona, umoya unamandla okuzimela ngaphandle kokuhlala naphi na.
Ngexesha lini kwaye kutheni i-animism yavela?
Xa kuvela i-animism-kunzima kubabhali beembali ukuba balandele le nkqubo, kodwa kwakunokwenzeka nakwizinga lesigxina lophuhliso lwe-Neanderthal kwindoda enengqiqo, malunga neminyaka eyi-40 eyadlulayo. Ookhokho bokuqala be-animism babemagqirha, i- fetishism , i-animatism kunye ne-totemism. Abantu babengazi kakuhle ngezilwanyana, kwaye babengenakukwazi ukuchaza ezininzi zezinto ezazikho kuwo, ngoko ke bonke banikezwa ngamakhono angaphezu kwemvelo kwaye bakholelwa ukuba bahlolisane nezilwanyana ze-totem zommandla.
I-Animism, eyathatha indawo ye-totemism, yayisekelwe kumava eminyaka amava:
- amaphupha (umoya uhamba ngehlabathi);
- urhulumente ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwezityalo ze-psychotropic;
- imikhosi yomngcwabo (umphefumlo washiya umzimba).
Animism kwifilosofi
Izikolo zefilosofi ezavela kwiGrisi lasendulo zazicinga ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iimfundiso kunye neemfundiso. Isikolo se-animism, esabanjwe ngumbalo kunye nefilosofi uPythagoras, sasishumayela iinjongo ezijoliswe ekusebenzisaneni ngokunyanisekileyo kunye nemvelo, apho ungathinti - umoya uphi nawuphi na. I-animism kwifilosofi ywazi ukungafi komphefumlo kwanoma yimuphi umntu: ingaba isityalo, isilwanyana okanye umntu. Yonke into iqulethe imiphefumlo efanayo yomyalelo nomlilo nomoya, kwaye emva kokuzalwa kwangomphefumlo umphefumlo uya kulandela umzimba omtsha onikwe wona.
Animism kwi Psychology
I-Psychology njengendlela yokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo yenziwa ngokusandul 'ukuza kwaye ukuvela kweemfuneko zayo kunokubhekwa njengamava ehlabathini lonke abantu abanolwazi ngemiphefumlo yabo. I-Animism kwingqondo yimihlaba yehlabathi apho yonke into ekhoyo ikhona "ngokomoya" yaye ivakalelwa kunye neemvakalelo . I-psychology ye-animism icaciswa ngokucacileyo kwinto yokucinga kwengqondo yabantwana, eyafunyanwa nguSwitzerland-psychologist-ifilosofi uJeppaget. Umntwana ukholelwa ukuba xa evakalelwa kukuba, yonke into ejikelezileyo inemizwa. Ukunyanzelisa abantwana - iimpawu:
- Ukuvavanywa kwabantwana njengezinto ezingapheliyo.
- Into ehambayo iqinisa ukubonakaliswa kwemvelo komntwana, ngelixa i-underlying ingacatshangwa njengengaphili.
- Ukuphakama kokucinga okuphilileyo kuyiminyaka emi-5 (ukusukela kwiminyaka eyi-7 ubudala).
Animism njengenkolo
Ngokwesaba izinto ezinamandla nezingaqondakaliyo zendalo, abantu basendulo baqala ukuyibeka. I-animism yikholelwa ekukholweni kwemiphefumlo kunye nemimoya ejikeleza yonke into ekhoyo kwihlabathi. Umbane kunye neendudumo, ilanga nenyanga, imvula, iqhwa nesichotho - umntu omncinci kwaye engakhuselekanga phambi kweempawu, uqala ukuhlakulela umoya oqinileyo aze abingelele ukuba azame ukubeka.
Ukubukela ukuzalwa nokufa, umntu ucetyiswa ukuba ngexesha lokuzalwa komntwana, umphefumlo ungena kuyo, kwaye ngexesha lokufa, uhamba emzimbeni wakhe ngomoya. Abadala babekholelwa ukuba umoya womntu oshonile uhlala kwiigobolondo ezisezantsi kwaye akashiyi indlu yesizwe. Inkolelo yokukhunjulwa kunye neentlonelo zemiphefumlo iqhubekele injongo yokwenza umoya wobuzwe umkhuseli kunye nomphathi wezinto ezimbi zezinye ihlabathi.
I-animism kwiimbali zeGrisi yamandulo inceda abapheli-mlando ukuba bafunde ukucinga kwabantu balapho. Imifanekiso ebomvu yonqulo, eyakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukusuka ekuqondeni kwendalo kunye nemisebenzi ephethe iziganeko zendalo:
- UZeus - ulawula ukuduma kwezulu kunye nombane, uchithe emhlabathini ngemvula.
- UGaia (umhlaba) - uzalela amaqhawe amakhulu amatye (iinyikima, i-rockfalls).
- IHadesi (iTanatos) iyinkosi yelabafileyo, ithatha imiphefumlo.
I-Animism kwihlabathi lanamhlanje
Kwiindawo ezahlukileyo zezizwe zomhlaba zahlala zihlala zilandelelwano zendalo-ezi ziintlobo ezincinci, ngendlela yokuphila yamandulo. EmaNtla naseSiberia, ngaba Evenks, Khanty, Nanais, Udegeans. Iimpawu zonyanya zanamhlanje zisekelwe kwiintsilelo zeenkolelo zasendulo:
- izithethe kunye nemikhosi yokuhlonela kunye nokukhunjulwa kookhokho;
- Indlu ekhohlisayo (intsingiselo yendlu);
- iindlela zokuhlaselwa komphefumlo emzimbeni (kunye nezifo zengqondo yengqondo).
I-Animism - inyaniso enomdla
I-Animism yinto enokholo kwimimoya kunye neengqungquthela, njengokuba inkolo yamandulo ishiye inxaxheba enkulu kwinkcubeko yoluntu. Imvelaphi yamandulo yaseScandinavia, iGrisi, iYiputa - eli liyimali yengqolowa yehlabathi yolwazi lwelifa lemveli lehlabathi. I-Animism, eyakhula kwimibono engaphambili yomntu ngomphefumlo, iqhutywe kwiindlela ezininzi ezipheleleyo zeenkolelo, kodwa kwimiba ethile iye yasinda nanamhla kwiholide zamahedeni.
Iinkalo ezinomdla ezinxulumene nokuphilisa:
- Isibalo esikhulu samathambo uPythagoras ngumdla wezityalo zokuqala, wayebalela abafundi bezilwanyana, ngenxa yobukho bemiphefumlo yabo ngokufanayo nakumntu.
- Umntwana omncinci kwiimbono zakhe zokuqala, ucinga ukuba xa ehamba, inyanga "iyagijima" emva kwakhe.
- I-Koryaks (abantu besizwe baseKamchatka), babulala ingcuka okanye ibhere ekuzingeleni, bafake isikhumba kumnye wabazingeli, badibana beyicule ingoma apho baqinisekisa ukuba abayikubeka ityala lokufa kwesilwanyana, kwaye iphoso kule "iRussia" . Injongo yeso sikolo kukuba uqondise ulaka lomphefumlo welilo.
- Abantu besiqithi saseFiji bakholelwa ukuba imiphefumlo yamathambo aphukileyo (i-axis, iimpawu) zinyuka kwizithixo ukuze zenze inkonzo.