Abo baza kutyelela i- Indonesia baya kuba nomdla kwizithethe zawo kunye namasiko, iinkcubeko ezizimeleyo zorhulumente. I-Indonesia yilizwe elinamaqela amaninzi, ngoko ke kufuneka sikhulume ngakumbi malunga neenkcubeko ezininzi. Inkcubeko yaseIndonesia yayiphenjelelwa kakhulu iicawa ezichazwe ngabantu bayo - ngokunye amaHindu, amaBuddha kunye nama-Islam. Kwakhona ekubunzeni izithethe zenkcubeko, iimpembelelo ezivela ngaphandle - eChina, eIndiya, kumazwe aseYurophu, ayenabo "abanini" bale mimandla ngexesha lobuhedeni bamaKoloni (ikakhulukazi i-Holland nePortugal) badlala indima enkulu.
Inkcubeko yokuziphatha kunye nolwimi
Inkcubeko yesimilo yokuziphatha kunye nezithethe zaseIndonesia zakhiwe ngokuyinhloko phantsi kweempembelelo zama-Islam, eyona inkolo ephezulu kwilizwe. Ukongezelela, kuba-Indonesiya, kubaluleke kakhulu ezi ngcamango:
- gotong royong - ukuzimisela ukuza kunceda umntu owufunayo;
- musyawarah - ingxoxo, ukutshintshana kweengcamango;
- imfakat - imvume, eyenziwa emva kokutshintshwa kweembono kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.
I-archipelago isebenzisa iilwimi ezingama-250, ngokuyininzi zivela kwiqela lamaMalay-Polynesiya. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni kwi-archipelago yi-Indonesian; yaqulunqwa ngesiseko seMalaysia, kodwa nayo inamagama amaninzi angaphandle - isiDutch, isiPutukezi, isiNdiya, njl njl.
Ubugcisa
Ubugcisa be-Indonesia babuye bethonywa yinkolo:
- Umculo kunye nemidaniso. Izithethe zomdaniso kunye nomculo wezobugcisa zisekelwe kwiiNtsomi zamaHindu. Iintlobo zezona zintlandlolo kunye neentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ziziqhelo zomculo zabantu baseJava , ezenziwe phantsi kweempembelelo zamaNdiya, kamva zachaphazela inkcubeko yezinye iindawo zase-Indonesia. Umculo wesiNdiya waseMindonesia ubonakaliswe kwizikali ezi-2: i-step-step selendero kunye ne-step-step pelog. Icandelo lokudlala liyabamba ngaphezu kwegama. Eyathandwa kakhulu yi-gamelan - umculo oguguzelayo, eyenziwa ngokusisiseko kwiingcingo zomculo.
- Umfanekiso. Uphuhliso lwale mveliso lwaye lwachaphazelwa ngamaHindu (okuyizinto zokuqala ezibonakalayo apha ekhulwini lesi-7 AD, kwaye zibonisa imifanekiso ephuma kumaHindu kunye nama-Indian epics), kwaye kamva-uBuddha.
- I-Architecture. I-Indonesian izakhiwo zineempembelelo eziphawulekayo zezi ntshukumo zonqulo. Ngendlela, i-Indonesia iyimpawu, ngokugcina imimiselo kunye nezithethe zendawo yobuHindu neBuddhist, ukunika iithempelini zonqulo ezahlukeneyo kwiinkalo ezifanayo zetempile, eziqhelekileyo.
- Udweba. Kodwa umzobo wase-Indonesian wathonyelwa kakhulu kumazwe aseNtshona, ngokukodwa-isikolo saseDatshi. Umsunguli wesikolo sase-Indonesian esicacileyo nguRaden Saleh, umthonyama waseJava, ofundiswe eNetherlands.
Zobugcisa
Enye yezona ntlobo eziphambili zezinto eziqhelekileyo kwiziqithi yi-batik, isizwe sazo savela apha e-India, kodwa kamva saveliswa kwaye safumana iimpawu zesizwe. Kweemveliso zendabuko zabantu base-Indonesia nazo kufuneka zithiwe:
- ikat - intambo eboshwe ngesandla kwi-teknoloji ekhethekileyo, xa iintambo ze-warp zidwetshwe ngemibala eyahlukileyo, kwaye amadada ahlala e-monochrome;
- ingubo ye-silk, eboshwe ngesiliva kunye / okanye igolide, xa iimbumba zezinto ezinqabileyo zithatha isiseko;
- Isixhobo selizwe lesi-Indonesian - isiqwenga esinomtya olinganiselwe, sithatha intsingiselo engcwele;
- zobunxiwe ngezandla .
Ikhishi
Inkcubeko ye-Gastronomic yase-Indonesia nayo yenziwa phantsi kweempembelelo zamanye amazwe, ngokuyinhloko eChina. Izitya ezininzi apha zibolekekwe kwiChina yokutya; Ezinye zazo zazingatshintshi, abanye bafumana i-flavor yesizwe. Kodwa e-Indonesia, njengokuba kuBukumkani boMbindi, irayisi iyona mveliso ephambili.