Kungenzeka ukuba urhwaphili alukuphela kwintlalo yokuqala, xa abantu badla kuphela iziqhamo ezivela kwimithi kunye nenyama enkulu. Babenelwane ngokwaneleyo kwezi ziko zendalo kwaye kwakungekho mfuneko yokunika iinkokheli zesizwe okanye izibingeleli izifumbathiso zokubamba iqela elithile elinomdla kwintsimi kummelwane. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba kubonakale igosa lokuqala, kwaye lo mntu wayenomdla wamandla, kwangoko inkohlakalo yayingenakupheka. IYiputa yaseMakedeni yaseMesopotamiya yayisezi zinto eziphazamisayo. Kwindawo yethu ephucukileyo kukho izilingo ezingakumbi zokungcola kungekhona isandla samagosa angafuni ukufuna iziphoso zabo ngeenkonzo.
Imbali yokulwa nokukhohlakala
Ukulwa nalobu bubi bezama ixesha elide. Iileta ezindala zisitshela ngemithetho yokuba ookumkani kunye nabalawuli babamkela kwizifundo zabo ezikratshi. Isigwebo sika-Ivan esibuhlungu, esasayinwe ngo-1561, sathi isigwebo sokufa sasisongelwa yigosa lezogwebo ngokuthatha iziphoso. Kukho imizekelo yokuchaswa okuthandwayo ngokuchasene nabasebenzi bakarhulumente. AmaMuscovites ngo-1648, aququzelele i-pogroms enjalo enoba yinxalenye yentengo enkulu yatshiswa. U-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich wanyanzeliswa ukuba adlulisele kwisihlwele sabantu ababini abalungiseleli bakhe - iintloko zemiyalelo yeZemsky nePushkarskiy. Ngomnyaka kamva, kwiKhowudi yaseKathhedral ka-1649, uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho lwasungulwa ngenxa yokufumbathisa.
Iingxaki zokulwa nenkohlakalo zaxhalabisa noPetros I. Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, ukugqithisa kwafikelela kwizinga elinoyikisayo. Emva kokufa kwakhe, uNkosana Menshikov wakwazi ukurhoxisa iiruble ezigidi ezivela kwigolide kunye nempahla yeebhanki zamanye amazwe. Akuncinci kuye kwindleko yombuso, amanye amagosa aye aphuculwa. Imithetho enzulu yaqaliswa, amanyathelo olwaphulo-mthetho anqabile, abahloniphekileyo bahlwaywa, kodwa akukho nawuphi na weenkosana onokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo le nto yingozi.
Ulwaphulo lweqela lwavela kuqala eNtshona Yurophu. Amashishini amakhulu kunye namafemu ngokubambelela ekuthandeleni iimfuno zabo ezizimeleyo azikhokhisi umgaqo-nkqubo wekrkethi, kodwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-rejista yemali yeqela. Emazweni ehlabathini lesithathu, iirhuluneli ezilawulayo zazisa amazwe abo kuloo ngongoma, ukuba akunakwenzeka ukucombulula nayiphi na ngaphandle kokunikezwa ngemali. Ngokomzekelo, e- Indonesia, uMongameli uSuharto wachaza ngokucacileyo isityholo semibutho yamanye amazwe afuneka ahlawule kwintsapho yakhe ukuze imvume yokusebenza apha.
Ukulwa ngamazwe ngamazwe nolwaphulo
Imfazwe yolu bubi iyancitshiswa ngenye indlela eyahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho zamandla ahlukeneyo. Kwamanye amazwe ngababhengezi bahlawuliswa, kwaye kwabanye kuphela ngenxa yezifumbathiso. Ukunikezelwa kwemali akulophulo-mthetho kubo. E-US, ukukhuthazwa okusemthethweni kunokufumana kuphela kurhulumente wakhe, kwaye ngenxa yokuphulwa kwalo mgaqo, ukuya kwiminyaka emibini entolongweni. Ngenxa yokufumbathisa ngokubanzi kweli lizwe, imigaqo yokuvalelwa entolongweni ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20 inikwe. Ngoko ke, apha umgangatho wenkohlakalo ungaphantsi kunamanye amazwe. Ngowe-1989, amazwe aphantsi kweQela leZixhenxe adala iQela lamaZwe eMali yokuLahla kwemali, eyaphuhlisa kwaye yanceda ekuphumezeni imilinganiselo yamanyathelo okulwa nalo mabi. Ngo-2005, iSivumelwano soManyeneyo kwiNkohlakalo saqala ukusebenza. Kancinci, uluntu lwehlabathi luzama ukuzisa imigangatho efana nomthetho wezobugebengu kuwo onke amazwe athuthukileyo. Phakathi kwamazwe kukho utshintshiselwano ngolwazi, ukukhutshwa kwabantu abenza ubugebengu bobuqhetseba. Akunabalulekanga kangangoko amanyathelo entlalo ekulwa nokukhohlakala, olwaphuhliswa kancane kancane kuwo onke amazwe ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho.
Usuku loKhuseleko
Usuku lokuqala loSuku lwaMazwe ngamazwe lokulwa noRhwaphilizo lwaqala ukugujwa ngoDisemba 9, 2003. Ngaloo mini kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo kwisixeko saseMexico saseMeriida inkomfa enkulu yenzeka. I-UN Convention Against Corruption yavulwa ukuba isayinwe. Wonke amazwe asayine le ngxelo ayenokwenza ubugebengu, ukutshatyalaliswa kwemali, ukwebiwa kwemali yoluntu. Zonke iindlela kufuneka zithathwe kwizaphulo kwaye zibuyele kwilizwe apho ubusela babo bubekwe khona. Iinkomfa, iimbonakalo, iintlanganiso kufuneka ziqhutywe kwiSuku loMhlaba kwiRhwaphilizo. Bonke abantu abajonga le ngxaki mthetho kufuneka bahlanganyele ngamava abo, badibanise imizamo yabo kunye kunye nokulwa nobubi.