Iingcali zezokwelapha

Ii-Analgesics liqela lamayeza anokukwazi ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa intlungu. Ngokwemvelo yabo, imiphumo yezolimo kunye nemiphumo emzimbeni, ama-analgesics ahlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini: i-narcotic kunye ne-narcotic.

Iziyobisi ezidakayo kunye nezobisi

Iziyobisi ezingenayo i-narcotic ziquka:

1. Ukulungiselela okusekelwe kwi-salicylic acid: i-aspirin, i-salicylate ye-sodium.
2. Ukulungiselela okusekelwe kwi-pyrazolone: ​​i-analgin, i-amidopyrine, i-butadione.
3. Ukulungiselela okusekelwe kwi-aniline: i-paracetamol, i-panadol, i-phenacetin.
4. Ukulungiselela okusekelwe kuma-alkanoic acid: i-diclofenac sodium, brufen.
5. Abanye: i-nitrofen, i-piroxicam, i-dimexide, i-chlorotazole.

Iziyobisi:

1. I-Tincture kunye nokukhupha i-opium.
2. I-Alkaloids ye-opium: amalungiselelo aqukethe i-morphine kunye ne-codeine.
3. I-analogues of morphine: i-ethylmorphine, i-hydrocodone, njl.
4. Amashintshi angama-morphine: i-estocin, i-butorphanol, i-buprenorphine, i-methadone, i-alfentanil, i-oxymorphone, i-lefanphanol, i-propoxyphene, i-nalbuphine, i-nalorphine, i-fentanyl, i-promedol, i-tramadol, i-tramal.

I-Pharmacology yama-analgesics

Uninzi lwala ma-analgesics luvela kwii-derivatives, i-synthetic or semi-synthetic analogues of morphine. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo, ngaba i-agonists okanye i-agonist-antagonists ye-opioid (intlungu) yamkela.

1. I-agonists: i- morphine, i-hydromorphone, i-oxymorphone, i-methadone, i-meperidine, i-fentanyl, i-alfentanil, i-sufentanil, i-remifentanil, i-levorphanol, i-oxycodone.
2. Ama-agonists athile: i- codeine, i-hydrocodone, i-propoxyphene, i-diphenoxylate.
3. I-Antagonist i-agonists: i- buprenorphine, i-nalbuphine, i-butorphanol, i-pentazocine, i-nalorphine (amalungiselelo e-mix-agentists agonists okanye i-agonists enye inxalenye ye-receptor kunye nabachasene nabanye, okunciphisa ingozi yokuphefumula ukuphefumula, imiphumo yamathumbu kunye nezinye iziphumo.
4. I-Antagonists: naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene.

Iqela lokugqibela eluhlu alubhekiseli kwizidakamizwa ze-narcotic, kodwa ngaba bachasayo abanempahla yokuthintela umphumo wee-analgesics. Zisetyenziselwa ukugqithisa izidakamizwa zonyango ukuze zinciphise iziphumo zazo.

Iziphumo emzimbeni

Iimpawu ze-narcotic, ezi zilandelayo zibalawuli:

1. Isiphumo esinamandla esinamandla, esivumela ukuba sisetyenziselwe ukulimala kunye nezifo ezihambisane nentlungu enzima.
2. Impembelelo kwinkqubo yesantya ephakathi, ibonakaliswe ngomsindo oqinileyo, kwaye ibangela ukuxhomekeka kwengqondo kunye nomzimba kunye nokwamkelwa okude.
3. Ukuvela kwe-abstinence syndrome kubantu abanexhomekeke ekuxhomekeke ekuxhaseni.

Izakhiwo ze-Pharmacological zala machiza, ngaphezu kweempembelelo zesalathisi, ukulala, ukuphefumula nokuphefumula, ukuqinisa intsimbi yesisu kunye namathumbu. Ziyakwenza kubangele iisulu, ukuhlanza, ukuphazamiseka inkqubo yomnatha (central hall) kunye nezinye iziphumo.

Inkqubo yesenzo

Iziyobisi zeli qela zinempembelelo kwingxenye yesigxina yengqondo, enoxanduva lokuvavanya imizwa, ephazamisa ukuvavanya kwengqondo kunye nokukhathazeka kwengqondo, ukuphazamisa ukwesaba okubangelwa yiyo. Ukwandisa imveliso ye-endorphins, e-agonist ye-receptor agonists (oko kukuthi, bayicimezele), ekhokelela ekuthintekeni kwabo nokunciphisa intlungu. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe lonyango, amaziko okuzonwabisa kunye nenjabulo iqhutyelwa kwingqondo, ukuvakalelwa, ukukhwabanisa, ukudala, okukhokelela ekuveleni kokuxhomekeka kwengqondo.