Ayikho imfihlo yokuba abantwana bahamba kwisigaba "sokuba kutheni", xa benomdla kwizinto zonke kwihlabathi. Eminye imibuzo yeengcali ezincinci azidibanisi abazali kuphela kodwa zenzululwazi eziye zazama iminyaka ukulungisa umvelaphi wezinto eziqhelekileyo.
Abazali nje kuphela, kodwa izazinzulu zichaphazeleka ngentshisekelo yabantwana abafuna ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibandela eyahlukileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwanokuba ibhanti "kutheni" kubangele ukuba i-stupor, ekubeni izihloko ezininzi zisacingwa ngeengcali. Ingqwalasela yakho-ukulinganisa kwemicimbi ephakamileyo kakhulu yabantwana, akunakwenzeka ukuphendula ngokuchanekileyo ngeli xesha.
1. Kutheni abantu bemomotheka?
Iingcali zengqondo zikholelwa ukuba abantu bangasebenzisa iintlobo ezili-15 zokumamatheka, umzekelo, uvuyo, inkohliso, ukukhohlisa nabanye. Nangona abancinci bemomotheka ukubonisa uluvo oluninzi lweemvakalelo, ngoko balisebenzisa ukubonisa ubundlobongela, ukuvula amazinyo, okanye ukuthobela. Umntu uqala ukumncuma ngisho nasesizalweni sikamama, kwaye le nkcenkceshe iyabonakalisa. Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba ukunyamezela kwabantwana ngenye yezindlela zokuqala zokunyanzelisa, njengoko benza abazali babo bathuze.
2. Kutheni abantu bexhamla?
Phakathi kweengcamango ezininzi eziphendula lo mbuzo, inyaniso yeyona nto ibonakala kukuba ngosizo lokukhwabanisa kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo oluvela kwingqondo nokuphucula umsebenzi walo. Oku kulungelelanisa i-yawnings rhoqo ngaphambi kokulala, xa ukusebenza kwengqondo kunciphisa, okanye xa ungalali ngokwaneleyo. Ngokuphathelele ukusuleleka kwe-yawning, kukholelwa ukuba loo mkhwa wenziwa ngabantu nakumaxesha amandulo, xa inkokheli yatshatyalaliswa ukuba ibonise wonke umntu ongekho kwindawo ebhetele kwaye amanye amalungu epakethe ayamxhasa, ngaloo ndlela yandisa ukulinda. Kukho enye inguqu ekhutshulwayo yinto edibanisa ngayo eyenza abantu bavelane.
3. Kutheni umntu "ewa" ephupheni?
Abantu abaninzi baziva baze bavuka emva kokuwa okungaqondakali kwiphupha, bengayiqondi into eyenzekayo. Uvakalelo olunjalo kwizangqa zenzululwazi ngokuqhelekileyo lubizwa ngokuba yi "hypnotic jerk", kwaye ukubonakala kwalo kuchazwa ngukuqhaqhazeka komzimba. Isizathu sokuyichukumisa, izazinzulu zichaza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kukho isiphakamiso sokuba oku kubangelwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-primate: xa balala ebaleni, ama-body of body angakwazi ukuva inkxaso. Ngokwezinye iinguqulelo, "i-hypnotic jerk" yinto yokutshintsha ukusuka kwimeko esebenzayo ukulala. Ngexesha "ukuwa" kukho ukungqubuzana kweenkqubo ezimbini zobuchopho, kwaye ukuphoqa kukutyana kwamandla.
4. Ubani bonke ubomi emhlabeni?
Iingcali zenzululwazi zenze uphando ngaphezu konyaka omnye kwaye ekugqibeleni zaphetha ukuba phantse zonke izinto eziphilayo ziqulethe iiprotheni kunye ne-nucleic acids. Ngombulelo kubunjani bekhowudi yemfuza, kwakunokwenzeka ukunciphisa yonke into kwisikhokelo esisodwa sokugqibela (isiNgesi yokugqibela ukhokho oqhelekileyo-jikelele weLUCA). Kwakubukeka ngathi igumbi kunye ne-2.9 yezigidigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo linike amagatsha amabini okuphuhlisa: i-eukaryoti kunye neebhaktheriya.
5. Kutheni umntu onamehlo avaliweyo ehamba ejikelezayo?
Iifilimi zihlala zibonisa indlela umntu olahlekileyo eqala ngayo ukuhamba ngesangqa, kwaye akusiyo imeko, kodwa inyaniso yinyani. Oku kwenzeka ukuba umntu evala amehlo akhe, ngoko, okokuqala uya kuguquka, aze aqale ukuhamba ngesangqa. Ukungaqiniseki? Emva koko uqhube uvavanyo, kuphela kunye nomncedisi, ngubani oya kulawula yonke into. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zaphanda le nto kwaye zazimisela ukuba oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba akukho ndawo ebonakalayo kwindawo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuthembela kuphela kwiimvakalelo zabo, umntu uqala ukuphambukela endleleni echanekileyo. Kukho enye inkolelo yokuba yonke loo nto ikwa-asymmetry yomzimba.
6. Inkumbulo isebenza njani?
Kwangexesha elide kwakukholelwa ukuba imemori yabantu ihlanganiswe kwi-hippocampus (inxalenye yengqondo) okanye isasazeke kwiqela elingenammiselo le-neurons. Ngoku kutshanje, izazinzulu ziye zafunda ukulawula imemori yeigundane, ezichaphazela ukuxhamla kwee-neural. Iingcaphephe zibonise ukuba xa kubonakala imemori, iifom zezobuchopho ezifanayo zibandakanyeka emsebenzini, ezenziwa xa amava afunyenwe, oko kukuthi, imemori ayiyikuqokelela kuphela imifanekiso, kodwa "iyakhumbula". Nangona izazinzulu zangeke ziphendule umbuzo, indlela ubuchopho obunxulumanisa ngayo ukuxhamla kwengqondo kufuneka kusetyenziswe, kodwa inkqubela phambili sele ibonakala.
7. Ubani ubudala bomntu?
Emazweni ahlukeneyo kukho i-long-fovers - abantu, abaneminyaka engama-90 nangaphezulu. Iingcali zenzululwazi zenzile uphando oluninzi ukuze zichane oko kubonisa ukuba umntu uneminyaka engakanani. Okokuqala kwagqitywa ukuba abafazi baphila ixesha elide kunamadoda. Kuze kube ngo-2017, kwakukholelwa ukuba umntu odala kunabo bonke belizwe kwakukho umfazi waseFransi uZhanna Kalman, owafa emva kokuba ephendukele i-122, kodwa isiphumo sakhe sagqitywa. E-Indonesia, indoda yayiphila iminyaka eyi-146. Oososayensi abakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo wemizuzu emininzi umntu angaphila ngayo.
8. Ngaba izilwanyana zikwazi ukuxela inyikima?
Ubu bungqina bokuthi ngaphambi kokuba izilwanyana zenzeke ngokugqithisileyo, ziyaziwa nakwiindawo zakudala zaseGrisi, kodwa akukho lwazi luluphi uhlobo lokuziphatha olubhekwa lulungaqhelekanga kwaye luya kuthini ukuqonda ngokuphathelele izibikezelo. Inyaniso kukuba izilwanyana ziziva zitshintshe kwiimeko zendalo, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iinguqu eziphathekayo kwizilwanyana xa zithatha inyikima. Ukufunda oku, uphando luye lwaqhutywa, kodwa iziphumo ziphikisana, ngoko akunakwenzeka ukutsho kanye nezilwanyana ezikwazi ukuqikelela ukuzamazama komhlaba.
9. Kutheni iileta zifakwa kwi-alfabhethi kule ndlela?
Nangona abantwana besikolo bayazi ukuba i-alfabhethi yenziwe ngabazalwana uCyril noMethodius, abagqiba ukuguqulela iBhayibhile kumaSlav. Baye bafunda izandi ezazisetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana kwaye zaza ziqeshwe ngo-alphabetic. Umyalelo wokulungiswa kwamagama amatsha kufana ne-Greek minuscule. Isizathu sokuba abazalwana benze isigqibo sokuba benze njalo. Mhlawumbi konke kubuqili nokungafuni ukuza kunye nokulandelana, mhlawumbi abafuni ukuphula umthetho weBhayibhile.
10. Kutheni i-bhasiki ihamba kwaye ingawa?
Ngaphambili, imigaqo emibini yomzimba yayisetyenziselwa ukuphendula lo mbuzo: umphumo we-gyroscopic (uchaza amandla okwenza umzimba ojikelezayo ngokukhawuleza ukuba ubambe isikhundla sakhe) kunye nomphumo we-castor (ukulungiswa rhoqo ngokusekelwe kumagunya e-centrifugal). Ezi zigwebo zachaswa yi-injini yaseMerika ngo-2011, njengoko wakha imodeli engaqhelekanga yebhayisiki engayisebenzisi le miphumo yomzimba. Uphando kulo mhlaba uyaqhubeka, njengesizathu sokuba kutheni idivayisi igcine i-balance, ayitholakalanga.
11. Kutheni abantu beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zegazi?
Ngowe-1900, isazi senzululwazi waseVinese uKarl Landsteiner sazimisela ukuba abantu baneengxaki ezahlukeneyo zegazi, emva kokuhlaziya oko, wahlukanisa amaqela amane egazi. Siyabulela kule nto, umrhumo waqala ukusasazeka, njengoko oogqirha bakwazi ukugxila ekuhambeni kwezinto ezikhoyo. Akukho mvumelwano malunga nokuba kutheni abantu abaneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zegazi, izazinzulu azikho, kodwa kukho isiphakamiso sokuba abantu bokuqala babengenawo ama-antigen, kwaye igazi liphela liqela. Imeko ishintshile ngenxa yempembelelo yemozulu, ukutya kunye nezinye izinto.
12. Kutheni iqhwa elincinci?
Ebudeni busika, abantu abaninzi bawela kwiqhwa elityhafayo, bafumana ukulimala okukhulu, kwaye isizathu sokuba isalathisi sizimisele - ubukho phezu kobuncwane obuncitshisiweyo bamanzi, kodwa yingakho iifom - akucaci. Iingcali zenzululwazi zicinga ukuba oku kungenxa yokunciphisa ukushisa okukhathekayo kweqhwa ngenxa yokunyuka kwengcinezelo. Kukho ingqungquthela yokuba i-ice melt not because of the pressure, kodwa enye inqubo yomzimba - ukungqubuzana. Abakhohlisi bayaqiniseka ngokuqinisekileyo ngomnye, ngoko, bakholelwa ukuba i-ice njalo inomqolo wamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ichaphazelekayo okanye ayikho.