Iparadesi nesihogo zikhona kwiingcamango zabantu, kwaye iingqondo ezininzi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ziye zithatha umbuzo: njani indawo apho imiphefumlo ibonakala ibonakala ngathi? Ababhali nabaculi bazama ukunika iimpendulo, kodwa abantu bajonge ihlabathi ngamehlo abo. Akukho mntu uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-Underworld ibonakala njani, kodwa abaninzi bayazi ukuba izijikelezo zesihogo zi malunga noDante Alighieri.
Ziziphi iindidi zesihogo?
Ingcamango yesihogo kuqala yabonakala kwiTestamente eNtsha yeBhayibhile. AmaKristu aqinisekile ukuba aboni emva kokufa bawela emva kokufa, apho bahlupheka kwaye bahlupheke. Emva kokudlula kwiisijikelezo ezi-7 zesihogo, zihlambulukile ekungcoleni kwaye ziyakuthathwa kwiparadesi. Isono esithile sichazwe ngokucacileyo kwicandelo ngalinye, isijeziso saso sinqunywe kwangaphambili. Akukho mntu ubiza ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ziphi iindidi zesigodlo kufuneka umphambukeli wesiphambeko, kodwa ulawulo oluphezulu lwangaphantsi luguquka kwiKatolika. Inani leetyhulo linyuka liza ku-Aristotle elithoba, kwaye ke ingcamango yakhe yafunyanwa ngumcebisi waseNtaliyane uDante Alighieri.
Izijikelezo eziyi-9 zesihogo nguDante
Ngomsebenzi wakhe odumileyo "Uluhlu Lwabomi" u-Alighieri ukwakha isicwangciso esicacileyo sokwakha emva kokufa. Kuyo yonke imvelaphi, ngokugqithiseleyo umphefumlo wakhe, iwela kwinqanaba layo - oko kuthiwa isangqa sesihogo. UDante akazange abe ngowokuqala owanikezela ihlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba isakhiwo esinjalo, kodwa izithintelo zakhe ezithandathu zesihogo zafumana inkcazelo enemibala kunye nenkcazo. Njengomthetho, "Ulwalamano Lwaphezulu" luyakuthi lukhunjulwe xa lufika ephasini kunye nokubonakala kwalo. Imijikelezo yesihogo seDante ifumaneka kwimodi yomngxube omkhulu, umgca omncinci ophezu kweyona ndawo yendalo yonke.
Inombolo 9 ayiyiyo ingozi. Unokwahlula i-9 ukuya kweyesi-3, kwaye le nombolo ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Dante:
- Umsebenzi wakhe oyintloko unamalungu amathathu;
- Umntu ngamnye unamandla amathathu omphefumlo (isilwanyana, isendalo, ubomi);
- Zintathu zisikhumbuza ngoBathathu Emnye, kwaye iminyaka yobomi bukaYesu - 33.
Isangqa sokuqala sesihogo eDante
Ukuba ukholelwa umthombo ogunyazisiweyo kwisakhiwo emva kokufa - "Ulwalamano Lwaphezulu" - ungangena kuwo xa uhamba ehlathini elixubileyo ehlanganiswe ngentsasa. U-Alighieri waqala "ukubeka" aboni ngaphambi kokuba angene esihogweni. Ngaphambi kwesango, ngokwesi sicwangciso sakhe, baxhamla:
- obizwa ngokuba yimimoya ephazamisayo, ebomini, engenzi into embi okanye eyiyo;
- Iingelosi (zazingenakunjalo noThixo okanye ngoMtyholi).
Amasango avuleka kwaye isangqa sokuqala sesihogo sivuliwe. Bonke abafikeleyo badibana nomntu omdala uCharron, iqhawe lembali yamandulo yamaGrike. Ngeli xesha kwintlungu engapheliyo kukho imiphefumlo yalabo abazange bafanelwe ukuhlushwa ngonaphakade, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphaya kokulawula kwabo babengenalo ilungelo lokuya ezulwini. I-Limb yimbambano yokuqala yesihogo, apho abangabhaptizwanga, abangengamaKristu, abafilosofi basendulo kunye neebongozi babesweleka.
Isangqa sesiBini seSihogo nguDante
Isangqa sesibini esihogweni ngokubhekiselele kwi "Comedy Comedy" yayibizwa ngokuthi "Ukukhanukela". Apha bahlanganisene izilwanyana, izikrexezi, bonke abo bathandanayo kwindlela yesono. Umyalelo walandelwa ngu-King Minos nje. Kule nxalenye yendlela ewonayo i-gloom yaqala ukubusa kwaye kwavutha umoya onamandla, ukuphosa nokuphosa imiphefumlo emadwaleni. Abafikile baphoqeleka ukuba banyamezele ukuhlushwa kwesiqhwithi ngonaphakade naphakade ngenxa yokuba bengakwazi ukunqoba inyama yabo ebomini.
Isijikelezo sesithathu seSihogo sikaDante
Kuloluhlu lwesithathu lwangqungquthela luxhonywe i-gluttons kunye nezigubhu. Bonke abo babengavinjelwe ekudleni ngexesha lokuphila kwabo, baphoqeleka ukubola phantsi kwemvula engapheliyo nesichotho. Iingxaki zemozulu zizohlwaywa. 3 isangqa sesihogo ngokutsho kweDante igcinwe yiCerberus - inja enkulu enentloko ezintathu enomsila wenyoka, evela emlonyeni apho umxube onobuthi uphuma. Ingakumbi inetyala yemiphefumlo. Othe wadla ngaphandle komlinganiselo, uya kudliwa.
Isangqa lesine sesirhogo nguDante
Ngenxa yokuhaha kunye nenkunkuma yabantu bajezisa isijikelezo sesine esihogweni nguDante. Abo bebengayazi indlela yokudibanisa inkcitho enyanzelekileyo baphoqelelwa ukuba balwe nomnye imihla ngemihla baze baphathe izisindo. Unetyala udibene entsimini kwaye waqhayisa iindonga ezinkulu kwiintaba, wadibanisa phezulu waza waqala ukuqhuba umsebenzi obanzi. Njengemibuthano yangaphambili yesihogo e-Dante, le ntlupheko yayigcinwe ngumgcini othembekileyo. Uothixo ongumGrike wobutyebi uPlutos walandela umyalelo.
Isijikelezo sesibini sesihogo nguDante
Isangqa sesihlanu esihogweni sisiphephelo sokugqibela semiphefumlo enobuqili neyomsindo. Zijoliswe ukulwa kumlambo omkhulu ongcolileyo (enye inketho nguMlambo waseStyx), ephantsi apho ihlanganiswe nemizimba yabantu abanobuqili, abanobuhlungu nakwi-Underworld. Ukubeka iliso ekuzalweni kwezihlwayo uFlegiy, unyana ka-Allah uAres kunye nookhokho wesizwe sentsomi yamaPhelegi, esele. I-swampal Infernal - indawo engabonakaliyo kwaye engonwabisayo, ukwenzela ukuba ungayi kufika, umntu akufanele abe novila ebomini, angabi nomsindo kwaye angazilili ngenxa yezinto ezincinci.
Isiqingatha sesithandathu seSihogo nguDante
Eyona nto ibuhlungu, ityala elilindeleke ngakumbi kuye. Kwaye 6 isangqa sesihogo ngokutsho kweDante yindawo apho abantu abaphikisayo baphazamiseka emathuneni omlilo, beshumayela ngexesha lobomi babanye onkulunkulu. Imiphefumlo yabafundisi bobuxoki ihlala ishushu emigodini evulekile, njengama-ovens. Abalindi beendawo ezinkwantyantya bodade abathathu abantwabisayo nabaxabana, ama-fury eTishifon, Alecto kunye neMegera. Endaweni yentloko yeenwele kwiintloko zabo - izidleke zeenyoka. Le mijikelezo yesihogo kwisimo sikaDante sahlula umxokelelwane we-fetid, kuba bahlushwa ngenxa yezono ezibi kakhulu zokufa .
Isangqa sesixhenxe esihogweni nguDante
Kwii-steppes, apho imvula evuthayo igalela khona, i-Minotaur ikhusela imiphefumlo eyenzileyo. Ukususela ngomhla wesixhenxe, izijikelezo zesihogo eDante zihlukaniswe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo. I sixhenxe ihlukaniswe ngamabhanti:
- Abaphangi, abatshabalali, abaphangi babilisa emhadeni ogcwele igazi elibomvu. Abo bavela emanzini abomvu abomvu, badonsa ezintathu kwiikrele.
- I-Suicides, iphendukele esihogweni kwimithi, i-harpy i-torpt, kunye nabadlali (oko kukuthi, abo babedlwengula kunye nepropati yabo) baxosha i-hounds.
- Abahlambalazi kunye ne-sodomites baphoqelelwe ukuba batyale inqabileyo enkangala phantsi kwemvula engapheliyo emlilweni.
Isangqa sesibhozo esihogweni nguDante
Kanye njengangaphambili, isangqa sesibhozo esihogweni sihlulwe sibe ngamacandelwana. Ngaphantsi kolawulo lwe-Geryon enkulukazi enezixhobo ezi-6, ubuqhetseba bazo zonke iintlobo bahlaselwa. Yaye nganye ine "isithuba" sayo:
- abadukisi kunye neengcamango zokukhangela iidemon;
- i-flatterers ihlala ixutywe kwisitulo;
- Abangcwele baxhonywe ngaphantsi kwidwala, kwaye ngeenyawo zabo kukho umlilo;
- baxhambile, abavumisi, baqwengqiswa, iintloko zabo ziphonswe;
- Iibhola zibilisa kwi-resin, kwaye iidemon zibukrokrele zizozikhupha;
- Abakhohlisi baboshwe ngengubo yesikhokelo;
- amasela axhapha zonke iintlobo zeenyoka - iinyoka, izigolisi, njl.
- Imiphefumlo yabacebisi banobuqili iyavutha elitsheni elingunaphakade;
- abo baba ngumgqugquzeli wokungadibanisi, inkulungwane ihlulwa;
- amangqina amanga, abaphangi, abaphangi bafumana izifo (i-dropsy, rabies).
Isijikelezo sesishiyagalolunye esihogweni nguDante
Isona esona sibi kakhulu, isijikelezo sesithandathu sesigwebo sesigxina sika-Alighieri. Yindawo enkulu yeqhwa ebizwa ngeKocit eneebhanki ezintlanu. Abagwenxa banqabile kwiqhwa entanyeni kwaye baphoqeleka ukuba bahlushwa ngonaphakade ngamaqanda. Amaqhawe amathathu Antey, Briaray, Ephialt akavumeli mntu ukuba abaleke. Umtyholi ongu -mathathu uSilfifer Lucifer , wehliswa nguThixo evela ezulwini, ukhonza isigwebo sokuphila apha. Ehluthwe kwiqhwa, uhlutha abacuphi abaza kuye: uYudas, uCassius noBrutus. Ukongezelela, isangqa sesithoba sibuthela abaxuki kunye nabaphangi bawo yonke imivimbo. Nantsi abahlahlisi:
- izihlobo kunye nabahlobo;
- bahlobo;
- elizweni;
- UThixo.
Imijikelezo yesihogo eBhayibhileni
Ubunono obuninzi, inkcazo ecacileyo yesakhiwo se-Underworld kwiincwadi zehlabathi zi-Alighieri. Umsebenzi wakhe wexesha elidlulileyo kwiminyaka eyi-Middle Ages ichaza emva kokufa emva kwendlela yokujonga ingcamango yamaKatolika, kodwa imijikelezo yesihogo ngokutsho kweDante ihluke kwiiBhayibhile. Ukuqonda isihogo kusichazwa kwi-Orthodoxy njengento "engaziyo," kwaye wonke umkholwa wenza ilizwe lakubo ngonaphakade. Emva kokufa komzimba, imiphefumlo iwele esihogweni somlilo.
Izijikelezo eziyisixhenxe zokuhlanjululwa yinto ekungenakukhunjelwa kuyo wonke umntu. Kodwa emva kokuhamba kuzo zonke izilingo umphefumlo unelungelo lokukhuphukela kuThixo. Okokuthi, abantu ngokwabo bazikhupha ngaphandle kwe-Underworld, xa bekhululekile kuzo zonke iingcinga ezimbi, bona ngokwabo bangumphefumlo. Imijikelezo yesihogo kwi-Orthodoxy iyafana nenani lezono zokufa eziyaziwayo - ezimbi ezimbi, okufuneka uzilahle ngexesha lokuphila kwakho:
- nekratshi;
- umona;
- umsindo;
- ubuvila (ukuchithwa);
- ukuhaha, ukuhaha;
- ukrakra;
- henyuzo no kukhwela.
Umbini wamaKatolika kunye neOthodox esihogweni ahlanganiswe ngokungenakucinganiswa nombono wokungafi nokuphefumula, kodwa akukho mntu unokukwazi kwangaphambili oko kuza kulindelekileyo emva kokufa, kwanokuba iBhayibhile ayithethi indawo yaboni, kangangokuthi abantu babecala ukuba bacingisise Iphasi. UDante wakwazi ukwenza okulungileyo. Ngaphambi kokuba umbhali waseNtaliyane, akukho mntu ngaphambili wayichaza isihogo ngale nkcukacha, ngemibala nangobuso. "Uhlalutyo lukaThixo" kunye nengqiqo yaso ecacileyo ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuba yinyani okanye engalunganga, kuba akukho mntu unokuqinisekisa amazwi kaDante aze awaphikise.