- Idilesi: Bima, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
- Ukugqitywa kokugqibela: 1967.
- Ubukhulu beentlanganiso: 2850 m
- Ifom ye-volcano: stratovolcano
- Ixesha lezemfundo: iminyaka eyi-57 eyadlulayo
Abaninzi bayazi malunga neDafa eyaziwayo yaseManziloo, kodwa bambalwa abaye bakuva malunga nentaba-mlilo yaseTambor. Akukho ncwadana yencwadi iza kukuxelela ukuba kwiinyanga ezimbini nje. ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kweNapoleon, ngo-1815 e- Indonesia , kwisiqithi saseSumbava saqubuzela umthala- mlilo waseTambora , unamandla kunazo zonke kwiminyaka embalwa edlulayo. Zimbini iziganeko zineempembelelo ezinkulu kwiimbali zabantu, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile kwakuyinto yokulwa kwimimandla yaseBelgium enikezelwa kwiilayibrari ngokupheleleyo, kanti i-volantano yaseTambor iminyaka engama-200 ayithethi nto.
Sinikela ukuba ufunde amava amaninzi anentsholongwane kunye nolungaqhelekanga malunga ne-volcano yaseTambor, enokubonwa kwisithombe esingezantsi.
Abangaphambili bamatyala
Ngo-Ephreli 5, 1815 kwintlambo ye-volcano kwakukho ukuqhuma okuncane. Amagunya esi siqithi saseJava ixesha elide abakwazanga ukuqonda apho ivela khona. Kubonakala kubantu ukuba ezinye iinqanawa zazicima okanye abavukeli bahlasela i-British bridge. Ukuze ufumane oko kwenzeka, uGranam Stamford Raffle wathumela iinqanawa ezi-2 kumanxweme aseSumbawa, kodwa loo mkhosi ayifumananga nto inokusola.
Ukukhuphuka kwentaba yaseTambor
Enyanisweni, le ntshukumo yayiqala ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-volcanic kwimbali yabantu. Kwenzeka njani konke:
- Ngo-Epreli 6, 1815, intsimi ephakathi kwe-600 km ukusuka eTambor yahlanganiswa ngomlotha. Ukuqhuma kwanda ngakumbi, kwaye emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa umlotha owa phantsi waba ngamatye ashushu. Nge-7 ntambama ngomhla we-10 ku-Epreli, iintsika zomlilo ezintathu zanyuka kwi-volcano. Ukusuka kude kwakufana nezixhobo zomlilo, apho umlotha kunye namatye ahlakazeka kuzo zonke izikhokelo.
- Emva koko kwavela into eyoyikekayo neyoyikisayo: ukusuka phezulu kwintaba, i-vortex enkulu yavutha umlilo, ngemizuzwana, yabhubhisa idolophana yaseSagar, i-40 km ukusuka eTambor. Iqhwithi ludwengula kwaye litshisa imithi eneengcambu, zonke izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Ngeyure kamva, ipumice enobubanzi obuyi-20 cm yaqala ukuphuma emlonyeni weTamora Volcano. Emva kweyure enye, i-lava igeleza ikhuphuka emithambeka ize ibhubhise yonke into endleleni yayo.
- Ngehora lesi-22 kwisiqithi saseMalaysia, amaza omitha angama-4 ahlasela unxweme lwase-East Java, ahamba ngamandla kwiiMoluccas eziqithi phakathi kweSulawesi neNew Guinea, ekugqibeleni wafikelela entabeni yaseTambora. Ukufikelela kumitha engama-43, umsi kunye nomlotha ophezulu, obangela ama-650 km malunga nobusuku, obude iintsuku ezi-3. Ukuqhutyelwa kwe-volcano kwavakala kwaze kwaba ngobusuku ngo-Ephreli 11. I-tsunami, ebangelwa yizamazamazama, ihlambulule phantse zonke iindawo zokuhlala kwiindawo zaseMalaysia zaza zabulala abantu abangama-4.6.
- Kwiinyanga ezintathu. Intaba-mlilo yaseTambor e-Indonesia yaqhuma kwaye yakhanya. Emva kokuphela kokuthula, uGranam Stamford Raffle wagqiba ekubeni athumele iintaba zamalungiselelo kubemi beenxa zonke. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iqela labahlanguli livele umfanekiso owonayo. Emva kwenani elikhulu eliphantse lilingana neli qonga, intsimi yayingcwaba ngomlotha kunye nodaka ngeetoni zemithi enkunkuma kunye nemithambileyo kuyo.
Iziphumo
Akukho nto idlulayo ngaphandle kokulandelelana, kwaye iintlekele ezinjalo zendalo zihamba kwiindlela ezinzulu kwihlabathi lethu. Intaba-mlilo yaseTambor e-Indonesia nayo yashiya imbonakalo yayo:
- Abo basinda bahlupheka ngenxa yendlala, unxanxu kunye nekholera, amanzi amanto acocekileyo kunye nelayisi elayini bekulungele ukunika ithuba lokugqibela. Izidumbu zabantu kunye nezilwanyana zalala lonke elaseSumbawa, abahlala bejikeleza eqaqa ekhondeni befuna ukutya. Emva kokuqhuma, kwafa abantu abayi-11 ukuya ku-12, kodwa oku kwakuphela nje ukuqala. Ukuphazamiseka okwenzeka kwimeko yemozulu emva kokuqhuma kwaba yinto ebangela ukuba "ubusika benyukliya", ngenxa yokokuba abanye abemi base-Indonesia abayi-50 babulawa yindlala nezifo. Kwi-stratosphere sulfure ixesha elide ngomlotha, kwaye ukupholisa okubukhali kuyo yonke iplanethi yahlala iminyaka emininzi.
- Amanye amazwe e-volcano iTambora nawo achaphazelekayo. Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwasekuqaleni kwehlobo le-1815 kumntla welizwe loMhlaba, abantu baseNyakatho Melika babechukumiseka kakhulu ngenxa yokubanda kakhulu. Iqhwa, eyawa ngoJuni, yabangela umonakalo kwezolimo lonke lelizwe.
- Emazantsi-mpuma yeYurophu ngexesha le-1816-1819. ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwathatha ubomi abaninzi, abantu babegula nge-typhus, kwaye ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwezityalo kunye neendyikitya yokufa kwezilwanyana, nabo bavalelwa yindlala.
- Ukukhuphuka kwe-volcano ngo-1815 kwagqitywa ngokupheleleyo kwidolophana yaseTambor. Kuhlangene nabantu abayi-10 abaphantsi kwe-3-meter layer of ash, isiko lendawo, ulwimi lwaseTambor kunye nayo yonke imbali yabantu aba bangcwatyelwa ngonaphakade. Ngo-2004, kwenziwa izicucu kule dolophu, kwaye abavubukuli bafumanisa izindlu zabantu baseTambor, izixhobo, izitsha kunye neendawo ezininzi zabemi base-Aboriginal. Konke oku kungcwatyelwe phantsi kwe-ash ash for a long 200 years, kwaye indawo yokuthungwa yayibizwa ngokuba yiMpuma Pompeii.
Iyintoni intaba-mlilo eTambora enomdla kubakhenkethi?
I-Indonesia ayiyazi nje kuphela iindawo ezintle, iindawo ezinxwemeni , kodwa iindawo ezinobungozi ezinobungozi, eziyingozi kunye nokufa kwayo yiTambora emhlabeni. Namhlanje, iNtabeni iTambora ibhaptizwa ngokuthula, kodwa abahlali bendawo bahlala bekulungele ukuphuma. Abahlali bayazi kakuhle amandla ale ntaba kakuhle, kwaye banomxholo wokwesaba kunye nentlonipho ephakamileyo kwintaba-mlilo, kuba lo ngumlando kaSumbawa, apho bonke abahlali bendawo baya kukuxelela.
Abakhenkethi banokubethwa kule ndawo: abaninzi baphupha ukunyuka phezulu baze babone i-crater enkulu kunye nobubanzi beemitha ezili-7 000. Ukususela kwiNtaba yaseTambor umbono ohle kakhulu we-Sumbawa uvula. Kweminye imithambeka isakhiwo seismism esakhiwe, apho uphando luqhutyelwa kwimisebenzi ye-volcano yaseTambor.
Ukunqoba kwintlanganiso yaseTambor
Iintlanga zivame ukutyelela iTambor. Zininzi iindlela eziye zaphuhliswa, ezenza ukuba ukwazi ukunqoba i-volcano. Kuza kube namhlanje, ukuphakama kweNtaba yeTambor ku-2751 m. Ukunyuka kwentaba:
- Ukusuka kwidolophana yaseDoro Mboha, ungaqala kwi-slope esempuma-mpuma. Umendo apha ulula kwaye ukhokelela kwinqanaba lentaba;
- ukusuka kwidolophana yasePanchasila le ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ikhokelela ngasemntla-ntshona-ntshona. Kubizwa ngokuba yiDoro Peti kwaye ithatha malunga neentsuku ezimbini, kwaye abakhenkethi kufuneka bahambe ngamahlathi amaninzi. Kodwa uhambo luyafaneleka, phambi kwakho uza kubona ukusuka ekuphakameni kolwandle olukhulu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olusakhula kwiintlambo ze-Edelweiss, kwaye umfanekiso okhangayo we-caldera we-volcano yaseTambor iya kuba yintlawulo ebalulekileyo yenkalipho.
Ndingafika njani?
Indlunkulu yesiqithi saseSumbawa inokufikelela ngumoya. Iinqwelo-moya "Trigana" kunye ne "Merpati" zaseDenpasar zenza iindiza eziya kwisiqithi 4 ngamaviki. Kukho iiferi ezidibanisa uLombok kunye nePoto Tano kunye nokusebenza malunga newashi. Emva koko, ukuqasha imoto ngqo kwisikhululo sezindiza uze udle kwidolophana yaseDoro Mboha, okanye ePanchasilu.