Umntu ngamnye unomnqweno wokuqhubeka yakhe nentsapho kunye nokuvelisa inzala enempilo. Ukufana okufanayo phakathi kwabazali kunye nabantwana kubangelwa kukufa. Ukongeza kwiimpawu zangaphandle ezicacileyo zokuba yintsapho efanayo, inkqubo yophuhliso lomntu ngamnye idluliselwa kwiimeko ezahlukileyo.
Ubungcwele - yintoni na?
Eli gama lichazwe njengekhono lomzimba ophilayo ukuze kugcinwe kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kweempawu zayo ezihlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho wokuphuhliswa kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo. Ukuze uqonde oko uzalwa ngumntu, ngokulula ngomzekelo wentsapho. Ubunjani bomzimba, umzimba, ukubonakala ngokubanzi kwaye uhlobo lwabantwana luhlala lubolekwe kwenye yabazali, nootatomkhulu.
Human Genetics
Liliphi ifa, iimpawu kunye neziqhelo ezi zinto zikwazi ukufundiswa yenzululwazi ekhethekileyo. I-genetics yomntu yenye yamacandelo ayo. Ngokwemimiselo ihlelwa kwiintlobo ezi-2. Iintlobo eziphambili ze-genetics:
- I-Anthropological - uphando lwezifundo kunye nobunzima beempawu eziqhelekileyo zendalo. Eli candelo lenzululwazi lihlobene nenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- Utyando - luhlola iimpawu zokubonakaliswa nokuphuhliswa kweempawu zentsholongwane, ukuxhomekeka kwimeko yezifo kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nemimiselo yendalo.
Iintlobo zobuncwane kunye neempawu zabo
Ulwazi malunga neempawu ezithile zomzimba ziqulethwe kwiijethi. Ubundlobongela obuphilayo buhluke ngohlobo lwabo. Izidalwa zezilwanyana zikhoyo kwi-organelles eselunxwemeni-indawo ye-plasmids, i-mitochondria, i-kinetosomes kunye nezinye izakhiwo, kunye nakwi-chromosomes yenucleus. Ngokwe siseko salolu hlobo, ezi ntlobo zilandelayo ziyahlukana:
- i-extranuclear okanye i-cytoplasmic;
- nyukliya okanye i-chromosomal.
I-Cytoplasmic heredity
Isici esibonisa uhlobo oluthile lokuzaliswa kweempawu ezithile ukuhanjiswa kwabo kumgca womama. I-Chromosomal heredity ibangelwa ikakhulu kwiinkcukacha zegeni ze-spermatozoa, kunye ne-nuclear-extra-to oocyte. Iqukethe i-cytoplasm kunye ne-organelles ejongene nokudluliselwa kwempawu nganye. Le fomu yezinto eziza kubangela ukuba kuphuhliswe izifo ezingapheliyo zokubeleka - i- multiple sclerosis , i-diabetes mellitus, i-tunnel vision syndrome kunye nabanye.
Nyukliya
Olu hlobo lokudluliselwa kolwazi lwezofuzo luya kuthatha isigqibo. Ngokuqhelekileyo uthetha kuphela, uchaza oko kukufa kwabantu. I-chromosomes yeseli iqulethe ubuninzi beenkcukacha kwiipropati zendalo kunye neempawu ezithile. Kwakhona kuzo inkqubo yophuhliso kwiimeko ezithile zangaphandle zendalo. Inyukliya ye-nyukliya kukutshintshwa kweejeni ezifakwe kwii-molecule ze-DNA ezenza i-chromosomes. Kuqinisekisa ukuqhubela phambili kolwazi oluvela kwisizukulwana kwisizukulwana.
Iimpawu zobuntu
Ukuba elinye lamalingani linamehlo omnyama, ubuninzi bomthunzi ofanayo we-iris kumntwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umbala wakhe kumzali wesibini, uphakamileyo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba kukho iindidi ezi-2 ze-heredity: eziphambili kwaye ezigqithiseleyo. Kwiimeko zokuqala, iimpawu ezizimeleyo zibaluleke kakhulu. Bawuthintela izakhi zofuzo. Uhlobo lwesibini lweempawu zobuncwane bungabonakala kuphela kwi-homozygous state. Olu hlobo luya kwenzeka xa i-chromosomes yebhanki efana neefayili ezifanayo zigqitywa kwinucleus yeseli.
Ngamanye amaxesha umntwana unemiqondiso emininzi engapheliyo, nokuba ngaba babini ngabazali banamandla. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana onobuhlungu obumnyama onama-curls e-blond uzalwe ngumama nonina onobuhlungu obumnyama. Iimeko ezinjalo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuzalwa okunjalo akukhona nje ukuqhubeka kolwazi lwezofuzo (ukusuka kubazali kubantwana), kodwa ukugcinwa kwayo yonke impawu zentlobo ethile ngaphakathi kwintsapho, kubandakanywa nezizukulwana zangaphambili. Umbala wamehlo, iinwele kunye nezinye izinto zingasasazeka nakwi-grand-mother and grandfathers.
Impembelelo yokuzalwa
I-Genetics iyaqhubeka nokufunda ukuxhomekeka kweempawu zendalo kwiipropati zayo ezingenasiphelo. Inxaxheba yobutyebi ekuphuhliseni kunye nemeko yempilo yabantu ayisoloko isigxina. Iingcali zenzululwazi zihlula iindidi ezi-2 zeempawu zobomi:
- Ukumiselwa ngokuzimeleyo ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe, zibandakanya iimpawu zokubonakala, uhlobo lwegazi, isimo sengqondo kunye nezinye iimpawu.
- Uhlobo oluthile oluchaphazelekayo-olunokunyanzeliswa ngendalo, luyakwazi ukuhluka.
Ulungelo kunye nophuhliso
Ukuba sithetha ngezibonakaliso zomzimba, i-genetics kunye nempilo inebudlelwane obubi. Ubukho beentshintsho kuma-chromosomes kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo kwiintsapho ezinokubangela ukuba imeko kawonkewonke yomzimba womntu. Iimpawu zangaphandle zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi-heredity. Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo kunye nempawu zendalo, impembelelo yeengqikithi ibonwa njengento ehambelana. Iimpawu ezinjalo zichithwe kakhulu ngendalo ngaphandle kwezinto ezingenanto. Kule meko, lidlala indima engabalulekanga.
Ulungelo kunye nempilo
Wonke umama ozayo uyazi malunga nempembelelo yeempawu zofuzo kwimpilo yomntwana. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuchumisa kweqanda, uhlobo olutsha luqala ukwakha, kwaye ukuzala kufaka indima ebalulekileyo ekubonakala kwimiba ethile kuyo. I-pool pool ayixanduva nje kuphela ngenxa yobunzima beentsholongwane zesifo sokuzalwa, kodwa kunye neengxaki ezingekho phantsi kwezinto ezinobungozi - ukuxhomekeka kwintlupheko, ukulahleka kweenwele, ukuthinteka kwintsholongwane yezilwanyana kunye nezinye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekuhlolweni kwanoma yiphi na ugqirha oyingcali kuqala uqokelela iinkcukacha ze-familial anamnesis.
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuphazamisa ukufa?
Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, unokuthelekisa ukusebenza komzimba kwezizukulwana eziliqela zangaphambilini nezizayo. Ulutsha lwanamhlanje lude kakhulu, lunomzimba onamandla, amazinyo amahle kunye nexesha elide lokuphila. Nangona uhlalutyo olunjalo lulula lubonisa ukuba umntu unokuthonya impembelelo. Sitshintsha iimpawu zofuzo ngokwemigaqo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, iimpawu zobuntu kunye nomoya kunokuba lula. Oku kuphunyezwe ngokuphucula imo, imfundo echanekileyo kunye nomoya ofanelekileyo kwintsapho.
Iingcali zengcali ziye zaqhubeka ziqhuba iimvavanyo ezihlola impembelelo yongenelelo lwezonyango kwi-pool yolwazi. Kule nqanaba, iziphumo eziphawulekayo ziye zafezwa, ziqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ungabandakanyi ukuvela kwezitshintsho zomzimba kwinqanaba lokucwangcisa ukukhulelwa , ukukhusela ukuphuhliswa kwezifo ezinzulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kumntwana. Nangona uphando luqhutywa kuphela kwizilwanyana. Ukuqala uvavanyo nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu kukho imithintelo emininzi yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha:
- Ukuqaphela ukuba inzala, imikhosi yemikhosi ingasebenzisa iteknoloji ephuhlisiwe yokuveliswa kwamajoni obugcisa kunye namaziko aphuculweyo kunye nezixhobo zezempilo eziphezulu.
- Ayikho yonke intsapho inakho ukukwazi ukwenza inkqubo yokuchithwa ngokutsha kweqanda elipheleleyo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu. Ngenxa yoko, abantwana abanobuchule nabanempilo baza kuzalwa kuphela phakathi kwabantu abacebileyo.
- Ukungenelela kwiinkqubo zokhetho lwendalo kuyalingana ne-eugenics. Uninzi lweengcaphephe kwimiba ye-genetics lubona ukuba bubugebengu obubhekiselele kuluntu.
Ulungelo kunye nokusingqongileyo
Izimo zangaphandle zingathintela impawu zobomi. Uphando olutsha lubonise ukuba ukuzalwa komntu kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezinjalo:
- ukutya;
- indawo yokuhlala;
- imeko yendalo;
- imeko yemali;
- isikhundla sentlalo;
- khuliswe;
- emoyeni kwintsapho;
- ubukho kunye nemilinganiselo yoxinzelelo;
- indlela yobomi;
- mva kalelo;
- yomsebenzi;
- ukufumaneka kwonyango lwezempilo oluphezulu;
- msebenzi wo bugcisa.