Ngamanye amaxesha iimbali zembali zezenkolo zenza ukuba kubekho iingxabano ezingakumbi kunokuthokoza.
Kwakhona kunjalo nangemiqulu engaqondakaliyo yoLwandle Olufile, oluye lwabizwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuthi "ibhokhwe yesiganeko", kufakwa phantsi kweenkolelo zamaKristu ezikhoyo.
Ukufumanisa ngokucacileyo kwimibhalo yesandla yaseQumran
Ngomnyaka we-1947, abatsha abavela kwisizwe esicacileyo sokufunda isiqhelo se-taamirs badla iibhokhwe kwi-bhantshona entshona yoMlambo iYordan. Eminye yemfuyo yahlakazeka, kwaye abafana bahamba phambili. Kwimingcwaba yaseQumran ngexesha lokukhangela babona iimbumba zangaphambili zobumba. Ukugqiba ukuba kukho igolide efihliweyo, ekufuneni imali elula, amaBedouins awachitha.
Omnye wobufakazi bokuzibonela bezinto ezicatshulwayo wachaza ukuba kwakunjani:
"Abalusi babengumzala. Omnye wabo, ogama linguJuma Muhammad Khalil, waphosa ngamatye ekuvuleni komqolomba omnye kwiindawo ezisentshonalanga kwinqaba laseQumran. Omnye wamatye wawaphula umqolomba waza waphula into ethile ngaphakathi. Ngaloo nto wathabatha izitya ezidongwe zeshumi, eziziikubhite ezimbini ubude. Ukucaphukisa kwakhe, zonke iimpahla, ngaphandle kwembini, zazingenanto. Enye yeempahla zombini yazaliswa ngodaka, enye yayinemiqulu emithathu, ezimbini zazo zambethe ilinen yelinen. Kamva le miqulu yachongwa njengoluhlu lweencwadi zeBhayibhile ze-Isaya, iiBedouins zathola enye imiqulu emine: iqoqo leendumiso okanye iingoma, olunye uluhlu olungaphelelanga lukaIsaya, umqulu okanye uMqulu weMfazwe kunye ne-Apocrypha yeGenesis. "
Babengenalo imilinganiselo yezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa kukho into ebaluleke ngakumbi: izikhumbuzo zenkolo ezibhaliweyo ngeelwimi zesiHebhere nesiAramaic. Batshwenyeka kuba yonke imisebenzi yobuKristu efunyenwe ngaphambili yayibhalwe kwiibhodi kunye namatye. Imibhalo yesandla e-Qumran emangalisayo nayo ibhaliwe kwizinto ezicothayo, zixutywe zibe yimisongo kwaye zifihliwe ekuhloleni amehlo.
Ukususela ngo-1947 ukuya ku-1956, oorhulumente bamazwe amaningana baqalisa ukutyulela kwiindawo zokuqala. Imfazwe yangempela yavela phakathi kwezinto zenzululwazi kunye nezizwe zendawo. IiBedouins zazikulungele ukubulala ngenxa yokuqala ukufumana iirekhodi ezintsha. Abazange bababone njengabaluxabisekileyo - ngokukhawuleza bababuyiselwa kwizenzululwazi ngenani elimangalisayo ngenzuzo. Kuye kuthengwa imiqulu engama-190 kwaye ifunyenwe kwimeko eyahlukileyo.
Iincwadi zokuqala zenzululwazi azizange zibone ngoko nangoko: ezo zenziwa nguJuma Muhammad Khalil kunye nomntakwabo zathengiswa kubafundisi. Abaalusi abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala bazigqibelela ukuba bebengabalulekanga kwaye baphendukela kumlamli. Wabasondeza kunye noMetropolitan Athanasios Jeshua uSamuweli waseSt. Mark's Monastery eYerusalem. Ngomzuzu wokugqibela, le mpu phantse yawela: i-monk yomlindi wayengafuni ukuvumela abazalwana abathandekayo-abelusi.
Kutheni ukuvulwa kwemiqulu yoLwandle Olufile kubangela ingxolo enkulu kangaka?
I-Metropolitan yazama ukufumana oko wakwazi ukufumana unyaka emva kokuthenga. Bonke ababhali-mlando, abazama ukudibanisa nabo eYurophu, bephakamisa izandla. Abaqeshwa ababini bexakekile kwiSikolo saseMerika e-Jerusalem, uWilliam Brownlee noJohn Trever, bacetyiswa ukuba ukuba uthatha imifanekiso yemiqulu, ngoko kwifilimu le mibhalo iya kucacisa ngakumbi kunokuba yintsusa. Iincwadi ezivela kwi-calfskin kunye ne-papyrus zafotshwa kwiikopi eziliqela-namhlanje zonke iifoto zigcinwa kwiimyuziyam emhlabeni jikelele.
UJohn Trever waqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba ummangaliso phambi kwakhe: phakathi kweengxelo, wachaza oko kuthiwa "incwadi yokuziphatha" yeCawa yamaMethodist. Uphando olongezelelweyo lubonise ukuba yonke imiqulu yabhalwa yi-Qumran Essen. Le nkolo yamaYuda yavela kwikota yokuqala yekhulu lesi-2 BC. Umyalelo wawuneemigaqo eqinile, enye yazo ebhaliweyo kwincwadi yokuziphatha. Ama-Essene ayithathwa njengamaKristu okuqala ase-Alesandriya.
Inzululwazi, ukucacisa iirekhodi, yathi:
"Iibhokhwe zabo zilula, kodwa zikhulu. Kakade, bafundiswa ukuba bazukise uThixo baze babe nobulungisa kubo bonke abantu. Ama-Essene ayenqatshelwe ukuchasa ukugxekwa kwamanga, ukuphazamisa amandla kunye nokuma ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yabanye abazalwana ngoncedo lwempahla okanye iimpahla. Iimfundiso zeemfundiso ezifihliweyo zazingavunyelwe ukuba nabani na ukuba asasaze, kunye nokusebenzisa izithembiso zokuzenzela. "
Yintoni ebhaliweyo kwiincwadi ezizodwa?
Emva kokufunda ngokupheleleyo kwazo zonke izinto ezifunyenweyo ezifunyenweyo zezenkolo, izazinzulu ziye zahlula zonke iitekisi ngokwemixholo yazo. Nabani na umntu uya kukhwankqiswa ngokubhengezwa kwimiba eyahlukeneyo kunye namagatya okuphuhliswa kwenkolo eye yawela kwiincwadi.
- inkcazo yeenkcukacha zokudalwa kweTestamente elidala;
- inyaniso ebomini yabalandeli bakaKristu nabalandeli bakhe;
- iincwadi ezingaphelelwanga kwi-Being;
- iincwadi ezingekho kwiTestamente elidala.
Iirekhodi zeQumran zanceda ukwenza i-discovery engenakulinganiswa, umhla ochanekileyo wokubhala iTestamente Elidala. Ngaphambili, amaKristu namaYuda akholelwa ukuba yenziwa phakathi kwe-1400 BC. 400 BC. Imiqulu yeQumran ithi iTestamente Elidala yagqitywa ngo-150 BC, emva koko "akukho fayile eyongeziweyo kuyo." Iziphumo zeengxelo zeelabhorathri zengxelo azikwazanga ukuphikisa ukuthembeka kwazo.
Okumangalisa ngakumbi ukufunyanwa phakathi kweencwadi zokuphela kweencwadi zeBhayibhile kwihlabathi-umqulu kaQumran womprofeti uIsaya, obhalwe ngo-125 BC. Akunakwenzeka ukucingela iimvakalelo zenzululwazi ezithatha okokuqala amaxwebhu asaphila - amangqina aloo mandulo!
Kutheni le miqulu yaba yinto engavumelekanga kwiCawa?
Zonke iindibano ezaziwayo zeCawa yamaKristu kwaye akuva nto ifuna ukuqonda imiqulu yeQumran njengenkolo yonqulo. Abefundisi abalungele ukubeka umxholo weetekisi eziqulunqwe yihlelo lama-Esseni. Bafana 'nomfundisi othile wobulungisa', abahlali bendawo baqubuda kuyo kunye noYesu. Kweminye yale miqulu, ubizwa ngokuba "nguMesiya wesibili", ophikisana neengcinga zobuKristu.
Iicatshulwa zichaza uMesiya owakulindeleyo, ngokutsho kwama-Essene. Wayeza kuba ngumholi wezopolitiko kunye nomkhosi, ngoko ukubonakala kukaKrestu kuye kwabadanisa. UIsaya kuphela uqulethe isiprofeto sohlobo oluthile: uMesiya uya kuzalelwa yintombi kwaye ngokuzithandela amkele iintlungu zokufa ngenxa yezono zabantu. Yiyiphi na iincwadi ezinokuthenjwa, ukuba ubungqina babo ngabanye bungekho na?