- Jonga: a manxuwa
- Ukuphakama: 4000 m ngaphezu kwelwandle lolwandle
- Umhla wokuvela kwimpucuko: malunga neminyaka eyi-15 000 edlulileyo
I-Tiwanaku (iSpain Tiahuanaco) - oku mhlawumbi iyona edumileyo, eyona nto imfihlakeleyo kunye neyona ndawo engabonakaliyo yeBolivia . I-Tiwanaku yidolophu yasendulo kunye neziko lempucuko elalikho ixesha elide ngaphambi kwembali yeInca. Kufumaneka kufuphi neLake Titicaca kwindawo ephakamileyo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-4 eziphezulu ngaphezu kolwandle, kwisebe laseLa Paz .
Izazinzulu kunye nabaphandi, kuyaqhubeka kuyimfihlelo ukuba abantu basendulo, ngaphandle koomatshini abakhethekileyo, banako ukwakha izakhiwo zamatye anesisindo esingaphezu kwama-200, kwaye kutheni le nkqubela enkulu yawela ekuhleni. Masibe nethemba lokuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zonke iimfihlelo zesi sixeko esiyimfihlakalo ziya kubonakala, kodwa ngoku sibheke kwimbali yale ndawo ebalulekileyo yaseBolivia .
Impucuko yasendulo yaseTiwanaku
I-Tiwanaku yavuka ixesha elide ngaphambi kwempucuko ye-Inca kwaye ikhona iminyaka engama-27 ubudala, yaphela ngokupheleleyo ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-1000 edlulileyo. Umbuso waseTiwanaku uhlala kwintsimi yaseLake Titicaca ukuya eArgentina, kodwa nangona kunjalo amandla akhe, uTiwanaku akazange athathe inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe, eqinisekiswa yimichilo enkulu: akukho nanye isiqinisekiso sokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.
Isiseko senkcubeko yabemi baseTiwanaku eBolivia kwakukunqula iSanga, isiqhamo sawo amaNdiya asendulo ayewajonga njengegolide. Igolide yayihlotswe ngezakhiwo ezingcwele, igolide yayigqitywe ngabafundisi, ibonisa ukuxhamla neLanga. Ngelishwa, iinqununu ezininzi zegolide zeempucuko zaseTiwanaku zabiwe ngexesha le-colonization yaseSpain, zanyanzeliswa okanye zithengiswa kumashishini abamnyama. Zininzi zezi zinto zegolide ziza kubonakala ngokuqokelelwa ngasese.
Uqoqosho lweTiwanaku
Uqoqosho lwale rhu lumente lwakhiwe kumahektare angama-200 omhlaba, abemi bondla ngokwabo, bahlala kwezolimo. Ukuze ufumane izityalo ezilungileyo kwiimeko zemozulu ezingenakulungelelaniswa, izilwanyana kunye nenkqubo yokunkcenkceshela yakhiwe apha, ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-agro-system. Ngendlela, le nkqubo iye yasinda nanamhla.
Ukongezelela kwezolimo, abemi baseThiwanaku baseBolivia basebenzeleni ekwenzeni imveliso yeramisi, enokubonwa kwimyuziyam yesiqithi sasePariti. Ngelishwa, kuphela inani elincinci leemikhumbi zeramisi ezafika kuthi, kuba ukubetha kwabo kwakufakwe kwimikhosi engcwele.
Izakhiwo zedolophu yaseTiwuwuaco
Azikho zonke izakhiwo eziye zadlula ukuvavanywa kwexesha, kodwa ezinye zezakhiwo zingabonwa nanamhlanje:
- "I-Hangman Inca" - inyaniso yimbonakalo yenkwenkwezi, engenalo nantoni na indawo yokusebenza, ingaphantsi kwe-Incas. I-Observatory yakhiwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-4 000 edlulileyo, kwaye ngaphakathi kwindonga zayo zenzululwazi zasendulo zaqulunqa iziganeko zemvula, iishedyuli zomsebenzi wezolimo, iintsuku zehlobo kunye ne-equinox zasebusika. I-Hangman ye-Incas yavulwa ngo-1978.
- Ithempeli laseKalasasaya yenye yezakhiwo ezinkulu kwiSixeko saseTiaunako. Iindonga zesakhiwo zakhiwa ngamatye amakhulu anendawo enqabileyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba iinjineli zeso sihlandlo zinezakhono ezikhethekileyo, zikwazi ukubala ubungakanani obuchanekileyo beqonga kunye nedanga elifunayo. Ithempeli inomdla onomdla-umgodi owenziwe kwindlebe evumela ukuba ababusi bave abantu bethetha kakhulu kwaye baxubane nabanye.
- ISango leLanga liyingxenye yeTempile yeKalasasaya kunye nesiganeko esidume kakhulu sesiphuhliso seTiwanaku, enenjongo yaso ingasombululwa. Ubuso beli litye lihlotswe ngemifanekiso, phezulu kwesango lihlotshiswe ngumntu welanga eneentonga ezimbini ezandleni zakhe. Ngaphantsi kwesango ziinyanga ezili-12, ezihambelana nekhalenda yanamhlanje.
- Ipiramidi yeAkapan yithempeli likaThixo u-Pachamama (uMama womhlaba). Iipiramidi inamanqanaba ama-7, ukuphakama kwayo kufinyelela kumitha engama-200. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lepiramidi kukho umboniso ngendlela yokuhlambela, apho amaNdiya yakudala afundela i-astronomy, enza izibalo kwiinkwenkwezi. Ngaphakathi kwipiramidi kukho imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba, apho amanzi agxothwa ukusuka phezulu kwiNtaba yeAkapan.
- Imizobo. Intsimi yesixeko saseTiwanaku ihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso emininzi yabantu. Ziye zavezwa kwi-monolith kwaye zigqutywe ngeempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo ezichazela amabali ahlukeneyo ebomini kwimpucuko yasendulo yaseTiwanaku.
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Tiwanako Technologies
Kuze kube namhlanje kuyaqhubeka kuyimfihlakalo indlela amaNdiya aseTywanako asekudala asebenzisa ngayo ilitye apho izinto eziphambili zedolophu yaseTiwanaku eBolivia zakhiwe nendlela ababezihlangula ngayo kwi-quarry e-80 km ukusuka kwisixeko ukuya kwisiza sokwakha. Iingcamango zenzululwazi zidibanisa into eyodwa kuphela: abakhi beSixeko saseTiwanaku eBolivia babenolwazi olunzulu nolwazi olubanzi, kuba ngexesha lethu ukuthuthwa kwamatye amakhulu kunzima ukwenza umsebenzi.
I-Sunset impucuko eTiwanaku
Ngokwenzululwazi ezininzi, ukunciphisa impucuko yaseTiwanaku kwenzeka ngenxa yokutshintshwa kweemeko zemozulu: eMzantsi Melika kwiphondo lonke, kungekhona i-sentimeter yeempompo yawa, kwaye akukho nolwazi kunye neteknoloji lwanceda ukugcina isityalo. Abemi bashiya isixeko saseTiaunako, befihla kwiidolophana ezincinci zeentaba, kwaye impucuko enkulu ekhoyo iminyaka engama-27 ubudala, yachithwa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kukho enye imbono: impucuko yeTiwanaku yanyamalala ngenxa yentlekele yemvelo, uhlobo lwalo lungaziwa.
Indlela yokufikelela kwiTiwanaku?
Unokufikelela kwiindawo ezibhuqiweyo ukusuka eLa Paz ngebhasi ye-intercity (iindleko zokuhamba zii-bolivars ezili-15) okanye njengenxalenye yamaqela okuhamba (kule meko iindleko zokuhamba kunye neendleko ziza kubiza i-bolivars ezingama-80). Ukungena kwintsimi yeTiwanako ihlawulwa, kuya kubiza i-80 blivars.