Naliphi na umzali ukhathazeka malunga nendlela umntwana akhula ngayo: ngaba iyahambelana nemimiselo yophuhliso, ngaba kukho naziphi na iziphene ezifuna ukulungiswa. Ngokukodwa, banenkxalabo malunga nokukhula kunye nokunyaniseka kwamantombazana ahlangabezana nemigangatho ngeminyaka.
Ukuphakama nobukhulu bomntwana ngenxa yobungqina bezinto ezilandelayo:
- uzuzo lwezinto;
- yokutya;
- imeko yendalo ejikeleze umntwana.
Into yokuqala echaphazela ngakumbi ukukhula kwentombazana. Ngoko, ukuba abazali bobabili bade, ngoko intombi yabo iya kuba yinde. Nangona ubunzima bomntwana buxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kumgangatho kunye nomgangatho wesondlo.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, amazinga okukhula kunye nezisindo zamantombazana aphuhlisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, izibonakaliso zokukhula kwamanqaku okukhula kwentombazana zihluke kwiingcebiso ezikhoyo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi abantwana abazalelwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo bebancelisayo, kanti abameli be-WHO kunye nezingane zonyango balwela ukuncelisa nokunyusa ukutya. Umntwana obelethwe ngamabhinqa, ohlukeneyo ngamakhadi kwizinto ezibonakalayo ezivela kumntwana-weengcibi-mfundi: uzuze ngokunyanisekileyo ukulingana noontanga wakhe-umntwana, ukuxuba umxube wobisi.
Imigangatho yokukhula kwamantombazana
Ngaloo nto, i-World Health Organisation (WHO) ngo-2006 iqulethe imimiselo emininzi kwindinganiso nokuphakama kwabantwana ngesini: itafile yasungulwa ekukhuleni nasekunyaniseni kwamantombazana, ebonisa ukukhula okuphakathi kwamantombazana ngonyaka, kunye nesisindo somzimba ngokweminyaka yobudala.
Ukukhula kwamantombazana ngeminyaka kufakwe kwiifoto ezilandelayo:
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Uluhlu lokukhula kwamantombazana angaphantsi komnyaka omnye:
Iibhulile zibonisa ukulinganisa nokulinganisela okuphezulu kokukhula, kunye nokukhula okuqhelekileyo kwamantombazana:
- ukukhula okuphantsi;
- ephantsi;
- ngezantsi;
- umyinge;
- umyinge ophezulu;
- phezulu.
Kubalulekile ukuba abazali baqhathanise ngokukhawuleza imilinganiselo yophuhliso eyenziwa yi-World Health Organisation kunye neendlela zokuphuhlisa intombi yabo ekufumaneni kwangaphambili ukungaqhelekanga kwintombazana.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ityati yenzelwa ukukhula kwamantombazana ukujonga ngenyathelo lophuhliso lwabantwana.
Kwitafile yemigca ebomvu, imida ephezulu kunye nezantsi ejwayelekile imakwe. Umdala intombazana, ngokukhula komntwana, okuhambelana nesalathisi esiqhelekileyo, kuyahlukahluka, kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziza kuzalwa.
Izisindo zamantombazana
Ukulandelela i-dynamics yesisindo intombazana ibaluleke kakhulu, kuba kwikamva liya kuqaphela umsebenzi wokuzala. Ukulahleka kwesisindo ukusuka kumaxabiso okuphuhlisa kwisisindo esiphantsi (i-anorexia) okanye ukugqithisa (ukukhuluphala) kunokuba negalelo ekuphuhliseni kwixesha elizayo kwizifo ezinzulu (ukungabikho kwempilo, izifo zesimo senhliziyo kunye nezinye izitho).
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Kwitheyibhile, ngaphezu komgangatho wesisindo somzimba:
- ubukhulu bomzimba obuthathaka;
- nga nelanga;
- ngezantsi;
- umyinge;
- umyinge ophezulu;
- nokukhululeka.
Igrafu yesisindo samantombazana sinceda ukubonakala ngokuziqonda kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ubunzima entombazana.
Ezi thayibhile kunye negrafu zenziwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando lwamazwe ngamazwe olwenziwa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke. Ngoko ke, imimiselo yokuphuhliswa kokukhula kunye nokunyaniseka kwentombazana ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuguqulwa komntwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zilandelayo:
- imeko yentlalo yintombazana;
- beliqela leentlanga;
- uhlobo lokutya (isifuba, ukufakelwa, ukuxutywa).