Ucwaningo lwengqondo lwezinto ezikhoyo, ubukho bomntu ekubekeni kwakhe kunye nophuhliso, luvela kwi-existence existentia - ubukho. Umntu uza kweli hlabathi kwaye uxazulula iingxaki zobuninzi, uthando, ukhetho, ukukhangela intsingiselo kunye nokudibana nokunyaniseka kokungavumeleki kokufa.
Ingqondo yengqondo - ingcaciso
Ingqondo yengqondo yendalo yindlela ekhulile kwifilosofi ekhona, ebona umntu njengesidalwa esiyingqayizivele, kwaye ubomi bakhe bubomi bodwa kwaye buxabiseke kakhulu. Ulwalathiso olukhoyo lwezokwelapha lwaqala ukuphuhlisa iminyaka emibini edlulileyo, kwaye luyimfuneko kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
Imbali yeengqondo zekhona
Umsunguli weengqondo ze-existential - kunzima ukubiza umntu othile, i-pleiad epheleleyo yeengcali zefilosofi kunye neengqondo zengqondo zathintela ukuphuhliswa kwesi sikhokelo. Ingqondo yengqondo yenkcubeko ithatha ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwimiba kunye neengcamango zabalobi baseRashiya uLN. Tolstoy noFi. Dostoevsky. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. Isazi sengqondo seJamani kunye nefilosofi uK. Jaspers, ukuhlaziya iindlela zemveli zesifo sengqondo, kwazisa iingcamango zokuba zikhona.
ULudwig Binswanger, ugqirha waseSwitzerland, ufunda imisebenzi kaJaspers kunye neHeidegger, usungula ukuba khona kwezinto ezikhoyo kwiingqondo. Umntu akaba sisitya esilawulwayo esilawulayo sendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nemvelo, kodwa inxaxheba ebalulekileyo. Kwaye kukho uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweengqondo zengqondo kunye namasebe awo, eziquka i-logotherapy eyaziwayo ye-V. Frankl.
Iingcamango ezisisiseko zeendlela ezikhoyo kwiengqondo
Ingqondo yezinto ezikhoyo-zisekelwe kwiinkalo eziphambili:
- ukuqonda nokuziqonda;
- inkululeko;
- xanduva;
- ukufuna intsingiselo;
- ukhetho;
- ulwazi malunga nokufa.
Iengqondo zengqondo, iingcamango zayo nemigaqo zithathwa kwifilosofi ekhoyo, eyona "ngumbono":
- Intando yokuzikhethela yomntu inceda ukuba abe nokuphuhliswa rhoqo;
- Ulwazi lwelizwe langaphakathi liyimfuno ehamba phambili yomntu;
- ukuqaphela ukufa kwabo kunye nokuthotyelwa kweli qiniso-isisombululo esinamandla sokudalula icandelo lokudala lomntu;
- Ukuxhalabisa okwenzekayo kuba yindlela yokuthobela intsingiselo yakho ekhethekileyo kubomi obungenanto obungabonakaliyo.
I-psychology ekhoyo - abameli
Ingqondo ye-existential ka-V. Frankl ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokungayeki, ukufumana ngokwakho umnqweno wokuphila. UFrank wabangela ukuzithemba okukhulu ekubeni zonke iindlela zakhe ze-psychotherapeutic zavavanyelwa kuye nakwabo bantu abaye bahlala ematongeni enkampu yokugxininisa i-fascist. Ezinye izazi zeengqondo ezikhoyo:
- I-Rollo Meyi;
- Irvin Yalom;
- James Buergenthal;
- Alfred Lengle;
- Alice Holtzhey-Kunz;
- Boss Medard;
- ULudwig Binswanger.
Indlela ekhoyo kwingqondo
Indlela yokuphila-yobuntu kwimiqondo yesikhokelo yinkqubo apho ubuntu bomntu bubaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso yakhe yangaphakathi ekhethekileyo yehlabathi, eyodwa. Izakhono zengqondo ezenzekayo ezilula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezigulane kwiimeko zokutshatyalaliswa nokuphazamiseka ekuncedeni abantu ukufumana intsingiselo entsha kunye nokukhetha, ukuphuma kwimeko yexhoba xa kungekho nto enokuyenza ukuze kuphuculwe.
Izibonelelo ezisisiseko zeengqondo zesintu kunye neengqondo
Ingqondo yengqondo yinto yesebe yeengqondo zesintu, ezininzi iingcamango ezisemgangathweni ngobuntu bomntu zinenkcazelo efanayo. Iingongoma eziphezulu zengqondo:
- ukuvuleka komntu kwihlabathi, amava okukulo kweli hlabathi kwaye uvakalelo lwalo uxolo luyinto eyona nto ingundoqo yengqondo;
- uhlobo lomntu lulokuba uhlala efuna ukuzityhila ngokwakhe kunye nokuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kobunzima bakhe;
- umntu unenkululeko, uya kukhetha kwaye akhethwe ngaphakathi kwexabiso lakhe;
- Ubuntu bubumbano obudala, obusebenzayo;
- Ubomi bomntu kufuneka kuthatyathwe njengento enye yokuba nokuba.
Ukuqonda ubuntu kwisiseko seengqondo zengqondo
Ubuntu kwizengqondo zengqondo zikhoyo, zodwa kwaye zinyani. I-psychology engokoqobo ayiyibeki isakhelo somntu, siyikhiphe okwangoku, kodwa sikwenza ukuba sikhule, sitshintshe. Xa kuchaza ubuntu, ababenokuthi bangabasebenzisi basebenzise uluhlu lweenkqubo, kwaye abaxhomekeke njengenye indlela ekhoyo yeengqondo zenkcazo kwiinkcazo zobungqina bobugcisa kunye nelizwe. Umntu unenkululeko yokuthanda nokukhetha .
Izindlela zeengqondo zekhona
Ingqondo yengqondo njengokwenzululwazi kufuneka isekelwe kwiindlela ezithile, ubuchule, izifundo eziphambili, kodwa apha enye inokufikelela ngaphaya kwezinto ezininzi. Indlela eyona ndlela eyona siseko kukukwakha ubudlelwane obunjalo phakathi komxumi kunye nodokotela, onokuchazwa ngamagama: ukunyaniseka, ukunyaniseka nobukho. Ububungqina bubonisa ukutyhilwa ngokugcwele kwengcali kumgulane ukwenzela ukudala ubudlelwane obuthembayo.
Izindlela zomsebenzi we-psychologist existential kunye nokwesaba ukufa:
- "Imvume yokunyamezela" -kusebenza kunye nokufezekiswa kokufa, lo mpilo kufuneka asebenze ukwesaba kwakhe kule ndawo kwaye alwele ngexesha lokunyanga ukukhuthaza isigulane ukuba sithethe ngokufa ngokusemandleni akho.
- Sebenza ngeendlela zokukhusela. Umgqirha ukhokelela isigulane ukuba utshintshe kwiingcamango zakhe ngokufa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo, esebenzayo kunye nokuchonga iindlela ezingafanelekanga zokukhusela.
- Sebenza ngamaphupha. Iingqungquthela zivame ukuba neengxaki zokuxhatshazwa.
Iingxaki zengqondo yesimo
Iingcamango eziphambili kunye neengcamango zeengqondo zengqondo zishwankathelwe yiingcali zolu lathiso kwingqungquthela jikelele yeengxaki ezijongene neengqondo zengqondo. U-Irvine Yalom ufumene uluhlu lweengxaki ezibalulekileyo okanye amaqhina:
- Iingxaki zobomi, ukufa kunye nexesha - umntu uyaqonda ukuba uyafa, ukuba oku kuphephekiweyo. Umnqweno wokuphila kunye nokwesaba ukufa kuyingxabano.
- Iingxaki zonxibelelwano, ukuzodwa kunye nothando - ukuzaliseka kwedwala kweli hlabathi: umntu uza kuleli hlabathi yedwa kwaye amshiye yodwa, enesizungu kwisihlwele.
- Iingxaki zokuxanduva, ukhetho kunye nenkululeko-umnqweno womntu inkululeko kunye nokungabikho kwamaphetheni, ukuvimba, ukuyila izakhiwo kwaye, ngexesha elifanayo, ukwesaba ukungabikho kwabo kubangela ingxabano.
- Iingxaki zentsingiselo nokungabi nalutho kubomi babantu zivela kwiingxaki zokuqala ezintathu. Umntu uhlala ekwazini ngokwakhe kunye nehlabathi elikujikelezile, udala intsingiselo yakhe. Ukulahlekelwa ngentsingiselo kuvela ekuzalisekeni kwedwa, ukuhlala kunye nokungafihleki kokufa.
Inkathazo ekhona kwizesengqondweni
Imigaqo yeengqondo zengqondo isekelwe ekubeni kukho iingxaki ezivela kumntu. Ubunzima obukhoyo bufumana umntu ukusuka ebusheni bakhe ukuya ekuguga, ngamnye ubuncinane wazibuza ngokwakhe intsingiselo yobomi, ubukho bakhe, ukuba kwakhe. Abanye abantu banomfanekiso oqhelekileyo, abanye banokuba neengxaki ezibukhali kwaye zibuhlungu, zikhokelela ekungabandakanyeki kunye nokuntuleka kwesishukumiseleko sokuphila: zonke iingqondo ziphelile, ikusasa liqikelele kwaye lizenzeke.
Inkathazo yekhona ikwazi ukungenelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu. Kukholelwa ukuba le nto ibonakalayo kubantu bakwamanye amazwe athuthukileyo abaye banelisekisa zonke iimfuno zabo ezisisiseko kwaye kukho ixesha lokuhlalutya kunye nokucinga kwabo ubomi babo. Umntu olahlekelwe ngumthandayo kwaye ucinga ngolu hlobo "Thina" ubhekene nombuzo othi: "Ndingubani ngaphandle kwam?"
Iincwadi kwi-psychology
I-Rollo Meyi "Iingqondo zengqondo" - enye yeempapasho ezizodwa ze-existential therapist, ebhalwe ngolwimi olulula kuya kuba luncedo ekufundeni abafundi abaqhelekileyo abanomdla kwizengqondo, kunye neengcali zeengqondo. Yintoni enye ongayifunda kwisikhokelo kwesi sihloko:
- " Iingqondo ezenzekayo zonxibelelwano olunzulu " Bratchenko. Le ncwadi ichaza imbali yokuvela kwindlela yokuphila-yobuntu kwindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo, ingqalelo enkulu ihlawulwa kwingcebiso.
- " Izinketho zobomi. Iingcamango kwizengqondo zengqondo . V.N. Druzhinin. Iingxaki zobomi nokufa, indlela yokufumana intsingiselo yomntu okhulelwe kuzo zonke ezi zinto, kwaye yintoni isifo sengqondo sekhona esingasinceda - zonke ezi ngxaki zifakwe kule ncwadi.
- " I-psychotherapy ekhoyo " I. Yal. Iincwadi ze-psychoanalyst ezidumileyo zinokufundwa kwakhona kwi-infinity, umbhali unet talente kuphela ekufundiseni kwakhe ukunceda abantu, kodwa nangomlobi. Le ncwadi ngumsebenzi oyintloko kunye neendlela zokusebenza kunye nobuchule.
- "I- Psychotechnics ye-existential choice ." M. Papush. Kunzima ukufunda indlela yokuphila kwaye uphile ngokukhawuleza, ujabule kwaye usebenze, indlela yokufunda into ethile, umzekelo, ukudlala i-piyano - kunzima, kodwa ngokusebenza konke kuvela.
- Uhlalutyo lwangoku lukhoyo: imbali, imfundiso, ukuqhuba, uphando . " A. Langle, E. Ukolova, V. Shumsky. Incwadi ibonisa umbono opheleleyo wohlalutyo olukhoyo kunye negalelo layo lexabiso ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yengqondo.