Kuze kube ngoku, kukho imbono yokuba iintsana ezingekafiki ziza kuba njengabantu bonke, ziya kuncitshiswa kwizakhono zomzimba nezengqondo. Ngenxa yezi ngcamango, ezininzi iintsana ezazalwa ngaphambi kokuba ikhefu liye lashiywa kwisibhedlele sokubeleka. Masizame ukubona indlela izinto ezimi ngayo.
Ziziphi abantwana ababhekwa njengengaphambi kwexesha?
Uhlobo lunexesha lokuphuhliswa kwe-intrauterine yengane, kwaye ihlala iiveki ezingama-40. Ngeli thuba, zonke izitho zangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zesisu zihlakulela ukuze zidibane ngokukhuselekileyo kwihlabathi ezizungezile kwaye zisebenze ngokupheleleyo. Umntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa usana kuzalwa kwiiveki ezingama-22 ukuya kwii-37 kunye nesisindo somzimba esingaphantsi kwama-2.5 kg kunye nobude bomzimba ukuya kwi-45 cm. Kodwa ke, i-WHO ibeka iikhrayitheriya ezilandelayo: ukuguga kweentsuku ezingama-22, ubunzima ngaphezu kwe-0.5 kg, ubude bomzimba ukusuka 25 cm, ubuncinane obuninzi bomoya.
Kutheni umntwana angabalwa ngaphambi kwekota?
Ukuba umntwana wazalwa kungekudala, akusoloko kunokwenzeka ukwazi izizathu zezi. Ngokutsho kophando, uninzi lwezinto ezinokubangela ukuba zenzeke, ziphakathi kwazo:
- esekhulile okanye omncinane kamama, uyise;
- Ukugcina indlela yokuphila engenampilo;
- nempembelelo yezingozi zomsebenzi;
- kuqala isisu;
- Ukukhulelwa emva kokuzalwa kwangoku (iminyaka engaphantsi kwe-2);
- ukuzala okuninzi ;
- izifo ezingapheliyo kumama;
- tshintshelwe izifo;
- ukukhathazeka ngokwenyama;
- ukungaphambani kwamanye amazwe emntwaneni.
Iimpawu zentsana ezingaphambi kwexesha
Akukho "mgca" ocacileyo ocacisa indlela umntwana angaphila ngayo, kwaye ingxoxo eninzi iqhutywe ngesihloko sesidingo sokhathalelo olufanelekileyo lwezonyango iintsana ezingekafiki. Elizweni lethu okwangoku, ubomi beentsana ezinjalo, ezizalwe ubunzima be-500 g, zikhuselwe ngumthetho, zibonelela ukubhaliswa kwazo kunye noonesi.
Iintsana ezingenabantwana ezingekazalwa zizalwe, zingabi zilungiselelwe iimeko zokuba zikhona. Izitho zabo ezibalulekileyo azikaze zikhule ngokuzeleyo kwaye azilungele ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Iimvuthu ezinjalo zinempawu ezininzi zangaphandle ezahlula kwiintsana ezizalwe ngexesha:
- ukuphakama okuncinci kunye nesisindo;
- ukungahambisani ngokuthe ngqo kwamalungu omzimba;
- amathambo athambileyo;
- izitho zokuzala ezingaphantsi;
- ubukho be-cannon ngasemva nasemagxeni;
- isikhumba esomileyo nesomzimba;
- ukungabikho kwamathambo angaphantsi;
- amehlo avaliwe;
- ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwemoto, njl
Iimpawu ezidweliswe kwizahlulo ezahlukileyo zingabakho nxalenye okanye zinzima. Ukongezelela, iintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha zibonakaliswa ngolu hlobo olungabonakaliyo, ukukhulelwa kwenkqubo ye-vascular, kunye nokungabi njala. Banobunzima ekuqaliseni imiphunga, ukulungiswa komzimba , ukuphucula i-enzymes yokutya. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba emva kwexesha, ukuba kwenziwe imizamo, umntwana uza kubonakala njengomntwana osanda kuzalwa, kwaye zonke izitho ziya kufumana umsebenzi wazo.
Ubunzima bokubeleka umntwana
Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bomntwana obusanda kuzalwa xa kufikeleleka, amazinga amaninzi okukhutshwa kokuqala komzimba ahlukeneyo:
- I-ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya kwi-2500 g (i-degree degree);
- II - ukususela ngo-1501 ukuya ku-2000 g (ukungqungquthela kokulinganayo);
- I-III - ukusuka ku-1001 ukuya ku-1500 g (ubunzulu bokuqala kwangaphambili);
- IV - ngaphantsi kwe-1000 g (ngokukhawuleza kakhulu).
Isilinganisi sokungcoliswa kwangaphambili asihlanganisi nje ngesalathisi sobunzima, kodwa kunye neempawu zokukhula ngokubanzi komzimba. Ngokomzekelo, kwenzeka ukuba imvumba izalwe ubunzima be 2.5 kg, kodwa ukukhula kwezitho kunye nemisebenzi kungaphantsi kwalabo bafumene ngexesha lokuzalwa 2 kg. Xa imeko yomntwana izinza, iya kuqala ukufumana ubunzima. Ngokomyinge, ukwanda kunokuba ngama-90-120 g iintsuku ezisixhenxe, kwaye ngenyanga yesine-yesihlanu yobomi ubunzima bomzimba bobabili abathathu.
Ukukhula kwentsana engaphambi kwexesha
Umntwana, owazalwa ngaphambi kwekota, ngokuqhelekileyo unokuba nobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kwe-45-35 cm. Esi sibonakaliso sincike kwixesha lokungcoliswa kwangaphambili. Kwixesha elizayo, sifanele silindele ukwanda okunjalo ekukhuleni: malunga no-2.5-5.5 cm ngenyanga ngenyanga yesiqingatha sobomi, malunga ne-0.5-3 cm - ngexesha lesibini kwisiqingatha sonyaka. Ngoko, emva kokuphelelwa konyaka, ubude bomzimba buyanda ngo-26-38 cm ngonyaka.
Iintsana zokuqala - iziphumo
Ipesenteji ephakamileyo yokukhubazeka kunye neengxaki zifumaneka kwiintsana ezingasemva kwexesha, nangona kukho iimeko xa abantwana abanesisindo esiphantsi nje besinda, kodwa babengenayo ingxaki zempilo ekhethekileyo. Kukho amathuba amaninzi okuba nethemba kwabo bazalwa benesisindo se kilogram okanye ngaphezulu. Xa udala iziganeko ezizodwa, loo bantwana emva kweminyaka embalwa awahlukanga kwabo bazalwa kwixesha eliqhelekileyo.
Masibhale ukuba yeyiphi i-pathologies yamantombazana angaphambi kwexesha angasifumana:
- ukukhubazeka kancinci ;
- i-hydrocephalus;
- i-dystonia yemifuno;
- i ziphene;
- astigmatism;
- ukubona okufutshane;
- i-strabismus ;
- ukukhubazeka kokuva;
- ukulahlwa kwengqondo;
- ukwanda kwamathuba kwizifo, njl
Ukuphuhliswa kwentana ngaphambi kweenyanga ukuya kunyaka
Kuye kwaqulunqwa ukuba ukuphuhliswa kweentsana zokuqala zonyaka kungagqithwanga nje ngeminyaka yobudala kunye nesisindo somzimba, kodwa kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo zempilo, izifo zofuzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngesimo esifanelekileyo, ngeminyaka emibini, bahamba kunye neontanga zabo ngokubhekiselele kwi-anthropometric, intetho kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo, ngamanye amaxesha kuthatha iminyaka engama-3-6.
Ungakulibali ukuba amaninzi awaxhomeki kuphela kubasebenzi bezonyango, kodwa nakwiimvumba zabazali. Kuyafaneleka umzamo, kwaye umphumo awuyi kugcina ulinde, kwaye intsana iya kujongana nempumelelo emitsha kunye neentsha. Iintsana ezinokuqala, ukuphuhliswa kwenyanga nganye kulandela ishedyuli ekhethekileyo, kwiimeko ezininzi zincinci emva kwekota, ezingabonakaliswa ukusuka kwitheyibhile kunye nedatha ebanzi.
Uhlobo lo buchule | Abantwana ababalelwa ku-1500 g, iinyanga. | Abantwana ababalelwa ku-2000 g, iinyanga. | Abantwana ababalelwa kuma-2500 g, iinyanga. | Abantwana abagqibileyo, iinyanga. |
Ukugxila kwizinto ezibonakalayo, eziphicothiweyo | 3 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 |
Ukubamba intloko kwisikhundla kwisisu | 5 | 4 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Ujika ukusuka kumqolo ukuya kumama | 7-8 | 6-7 | 5-6 | 5-6 |
Ukuqhawula | 11-12 | 10-11 | 8-9 | 7-8 |
Ukuzimela | 10-11 | 9-10 | 8-9 | 6-7 |
Ukuma kwimilenze ngaphandle kwenkxaso | 12-14 | 11-12 | 10-11 | 9-11 |
Amanyathelo okuqala | 14-16 | 12-15 | 12-13 | 11-12 |
Unakekele umntwana osengumntwana
Ukuze umntwana osakhulayo aphuhlise ngokuqhelekileyo, kufuneka adale iziganeko ezikhethekileyo ezifanayo kwisibeleko sikamama. Imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba omncinci ifuna inkxaso yenkxaso, kwaye, iintsana ezingaphantsi kwexesha elisezantsi, izixhobo ezingakumbi kwiziko lempilo, zifumana abasebenzi abanolwazi.
Ukusebenzisa iintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha
Xa umntwana ekhulelwe, ukunyamekela okokuqala kuqhutywe kwinqununu yokunyamekela. Usana lufakwe kwi-incubator apho ukulawula ukuphefumla, ukuphawula kunye nokushisa kuqhutyelwa ngenyameko, ukuvuthwa kwemvelo emiphakeni, nokutya kokutya kwenziwa. Ngomlinganiselo olinganiseleyo kunye nobumnene wokungcoliseka, umntwana usenokufakwa kwisitya eshushu. Ixesha lokutshintshela emva kokuzalwa emva kweenyanga ukuya kwezimbini, kwaye phambi kobuchopho, kuthatha ixesha elide.
Kwamanye amaziko ogqirha, ukongika "i-kangaroo" ithathwa njengamkelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntwana onokuphefumla aze adle ngokuzimeleyo, uhlala eqhagamshelana nomama rhoqo - esifubeni sakhe okanye esiswini. Siyabulela kule nto, i-crumb adapts to a new environment instead, it grows better. Emva kokukhutshwa esibhedlele, iintsana ezizalwe kusenesikhathi kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ngabagqirha, ngakumbi kunyaka wokuqala.
Ukutya iintsana zokuqala
Ukondla iintsana ezingekafiki kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukungabikho kwengcamango yokugoma, umxube weintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha, apho i-hormone, i-amino acids, i-enzyme, i-glucose kunye nezinye izinto zongezwa, zithunyelwa nge-tube gastric. Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ukondliwa kwe-parenteral intravenous ihlelwe. Xa umntwana efunda ukuncelisa, uncedwa ebhotile kunye ne-pacifier, kamva kamva-esetyenziswe kwisifuba (ngesisindo esingenani 1.8 kg).
Isondlo seentsana ezisekuqaleni kwiveki yesibini yobomi zinokusekelwe kubisi lonina, oku kulungelelaniso phambi kokuxutywa kwemveliso. Ukutya okubalulekayo kwintsana engaphambi kokuqala kungabikho ngaphambi kweenyanga ezi-7-8, i.e. 1-2 kwiinyanga emva koko kwiintsana eziqhelekileyo, ezichazwa ngokukhula komzimba kwenkqubo yokutya.