Kwiminyaka emakhulu bethu ookhokho babengenakulinganisa oko umntwana wabo oya kubakho. Siphila nawe ngexesha apho, ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwezesayensi, akunakunzima ukukwazi kwangaphambili isini, umbala weenwele kunye neamehlo, ukuxhomekeka kwizifo kunye nezinye iimpawu zentsana ezayo. Kwaba lula kwaye wazi uhlobo lwegazi lomntwana.
Ngomnyaka we-1901, ugqirha waseAustria, isazi samakhemikhali, i-immunologist, isifo esiyingozi sisifo seKarl Landsteiner (1868-1943) sabonisa ukuba kukho amaqela egazi amane. Ukufunda isakhiwo se-erythrocytes, wathola izinto ezikhethekileyo ze-antigen (iindidi), ezikhethiweyo ze-A ne-B. Kwavela ukuba egazini labantu abahlukeneyo la ma-antigen atholakala kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo: umntu oyedwa unama-antigen kuphela kwisigaba A, enye inomntu kuphela , okwesithathu - zombini iindidi, okwesine - azikho (zonke iiseli zegazi ezibomvu zolu hlobo lwezonyululwazi zegazi ezikhethwa njenge-0). Ngaloo ndlela, amaqela egazi amane atyunjwe, kwaye inkqubo yesahlulo segazi ngokwawo yabizwa ngokuba yi-AB0 (funda "a-be-nol"):
- I (0) - ngaphandle kwama-antigens A ne-B;
- II (A) - ii-antigens A;
- III (AB) - ii-antigens B;
- IV (AB) - ii-antigens A neB.
Le nkqubo isetyenziswe nanamhla, kwaye ukufumanisa ngabazinzulu bezinto ezinxulumene namaqela egazi (kunye nokuhlanganiswa ezithile kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi kukho "i-gluing" yamaseli obomvu kunye nokukhawuleza kwegazi, kunye nabanye - hayi) avunyelwe ukwenza inkqubo ekhuselekileyo, njengokumpontshelwa igazi.
Ndiyazi njani uhlobo lwegazi lomntwana?
Iinjongo zesayensi ze-Genetic ziye zazisa ukuba iqela legazi kunye nezinye iimpawu zizuzwe yimithetho efanayo - imithetho kaMendel (ebizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza wezityalo waseAustria uGregor Mendel (1822-1884), ophakathi kweXIX yaqulunqa imithetho yelifa). Siyabulela kulezi zinto zenzeke, kwaba nako ukubala ukuba yeyiphi iqela legazi umntwana azuze lona. Ngokomthetho kaMendel, zonke iinguqu ezinokwenzeka zefa leqela legazi ngumntwana zingaboniswa ngendlela yetafile:
Ukususela kwitheyibhile ngasentla kucacile ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuzimisela ngokuchanekileyo ngokupheleleyo, iqela lakhe legazi umntwana elithathayo. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuthetha ngokuzithemba malunga namaqela egazi umntwana akufanele abe nomama noyise abathile. Ngaphandle kwemithetho yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "Bombay phenomenon". Ngokungaqhelekanga (ikakhulukazi kumaNdiya) kukho into eyenziwa ngumntu kwiijethi ezinama-antigens A kunye noB, kodwa yena ngokwakhe akanalo igazi egazini lakhe. Kule meko, akunakwenzeka ukucacisa iqela legazi lomntwana ongakazalwa.
Iqela leGazi kunye neR Rh inkalo yomama nomntwana
Xa umntwana wakho enikwa uvavanyo lweqela legazi, umphumo ubhaliwe ngokuthi "I (0) Rh-", okanye "III (B) iRh +", apho iR Rh iyinto yeR Rh.
I-Rh iyinxalenye ye-lipoprotein, ekhoyo kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi kwi-85% yabantu (babonwa njenge-Rh positive). Ngako oko, i-15% yabantu banalo igazi elingenalo igazi. I-Rh inqobo izuze ifa ngokwemithetho efanayo yeMendel. Ukwazi, kulula ukuqonda ukuba umntwana onomdla we-Rh ungabonakala lula kubazali be-Rh.
Kunobungozi kumntwana onjalo into efana ne-Rh-conflict. Iyakwenzeka ukuba, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, i-Rh-positive cell cells ze-fetus zingena emzimbeni womama ongenama-Rh. Umzimba womama uqala ukuvelisa izifo zamanzi, oko kukungena egazini lomntwana, kubangela izifo ze-hemolytic ze-fetus. Abafazi abakhulelweyo abanama-antibodies egazini labo baya kwizibhedlele kude kube ngokuzalwa.
Amaqela angama-maternal kunye nabantwana ayabunqabile, kodwa angenakuhambelana: ngokukodwa xa umntwana engamaqabane e-IV; kwaye nangona xa iqela elingu-I okanye III iqela kunye neqela le-fetus II; kwinqanaba lomama we-I okanye II kunye neqela le-fetus III. Ubunokwenzeka bokungahambelani okunjalo luphezulu xa umama noyise banamaqela ahlukeneyo egazi. Ulwahlulo luhlobo lokuqala lwegazi lobawo.