Imbali ifihla ezininzi iinkcukacha ezimalunga novavanyo olubi kubantu abaqhutyelwa "egameni" lonyango. Ezinye zazo zaziwa ngokubanzi kuluntu.
Izilingo zamachiza amatsha kunye neendlela zokonyango zenziwa ngabantu kuphela xa kukho ithemba lokuba inani lemiphumo elibi liyancitshiswa. Ngelishwa, akuzange kube njalo. Imbali iyayazi iimeko ezininzi xa abantu beba-piggine-ingxowa engekho yabo inkululeko kwaye bafumana ubunzima obukhulu kunye nentlungu.
1. Izindlela 'zokunyuka' umntu entloko
Kwiminyaka ye-1950 kunye neye-1960, i-CIA yaqalisa inkqubo yophando ebizwa ngokuba yiProjekthi ye-MKULTRA, iimvavanyo zenziwa kwimiphumo yengqondo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamachiza kunye neziyobisi ze-psychotropic ukwenzela ukuba zifumane indlela yokulawula ukuqonda. I-CIA, imikhosi, oogqirha, ubuhenyu kunye nabantu bezinye iindidi bajojowe ngezidakamizwa, befunda indlela abasabela ngayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, abantu abazange bazi ukuba bazama. Ukongezelela, iibhotela zenziwe, apho kwenziwa iimvavanyo kwaye iziphumo zabhalwa ngoncedo lweekhamera ezifihliweyo zokuhlalutya kwexesha elizayo. Ngomnyaka we-1973, inkulu ye-CIA yalela ukuba intshabalalise onke amaxwebhu anxulumene nale projekthi, ngoko kwakungenakwenzeka ukufumana ubungqina bolu vavanyo olubi.
2. Utyando lwezonyango
Ngowe-1907, uDkt. Henry Cotton waba yinqununu kwisibhedlele seengqondo kwisixeko saseTrenton, kwaye waqalisa ukuyiqonda into yokuba imbangela enkulu yokunyanyiswa yintsholongwane. Ugqirha wenza imisebenzi engamawaka ngaphandle kwemvume yezigulane ezazigazi kunye neentliziyo. Abantu basuswe amazinyo, iisoni kunye nezitho zangaphakathi, ezathi, ngokutsho kogqirha, kwakuyimvelaphi yengxaki. Kwaye kukho konke, kuyamangalisa ukuba ugqirha wayekholelwa kwiingcamango zakhe kangangokuthi wavavanya yena kunye nentsapho yakhe. Ikhokothe yayigxininisa iziphumo zophando lwakhe, kwaye emva kokufa kwakhe azizange ziqhutywe kwakhona.
Uphando olubi kakhulu malunga nombane
Ngo-1954, iimvavanyo ezimbi zenziwa eMerika malunga nabemi baseMarshall Islands. Abantu babecala kwi-fallout. Uphando lwabizwa ngokuba yi "Project 4.1". Ngethuba leminyaka yokuqala elishumi umfanekiso wawungacacile, kodwa emva kweminye iminyaka eyi-10 umphumo wawubonakala. Abantwana baqala ukuxilonga umdlavuza we-thyroid, kwaye phantse bonke abahlala kwiziqithi bafumana ukuhlakulela i-neoplasms. Ngenxa yoko, isebe lekomiti yamandla lathi abahloli bafuna ukuba bangazifezekisi, kodwa ukubonelela ngoncedo kumaxhoba.
4. Ayikho indlela yokonyango, kodwa ukuhlushwa
Kulungile ukuba iyeza lingahlali kwaye lihlala liqhubeka, kuba iindlela zangaphambili zonyango zazinjalo, ukuba zibeke ngokuthobeka, zingabantu. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-1840, uDkt. Walter Johnson waphatha i-typhoid pneumonia ngamanzi abilayo. Kwiinyanga ezininzi wavavanya le ndlela kumakhoboka. UJohn uchaze ngokucacileyo indlela umntu ogulayo oneminyaka engama-25 ubudala ahlanjululwe ngayo, wafaka esiswini sakhe waza wathululela emhlane wakhe 19 ilitha amanzi abilayo. Emva koko, le nkqubo yafuneka iphindwe rhoqo emva kweeyure ezingama-4, ezathi, ngokutsho kogqirha, kwakufuneka zibuyisele umjikelezo we-capillary. UJones uthi wayemkhulule, kodwa oku akunakho ukuqinisekiswa okuzimeleyo.
5. I-Korea yaseNyakatho efihliweyo neyingozi
Izwe elivaliweyo kakhulu apho, ngokwenene, ukuhlolwa okungafaniyo kuqhutyelwa, (akukho namnye uya kukwazi ngabo) - North Korea. Kukho ubungqina bokuba amalungelo omntu aphulwa khona, izifundo ezifana nezamaNazi ngexesha lemfazwe zenziwa. Ngokomzekelo, ibhinqa elisebenza ixesha elithile entolongweni yaseNorth Korea ithi amabanjwa ayinyanzeliswa ukuba adle iklabishi enetyhefu, kwaye abantu bafa emva kwemizuzu engama-20 emva kokuhlanza igazi. Kukho ubungqina bokuba kukho amagumbi eilabhoratri ekliniki, apho zonke iintsapho zaxhatshazwa kwaye zityhefu ngegesi. Ngeli xesha, abaphandi babona ukubandezeleka kwabantu.
6. Iingcamango ezibangele ukuthukuthela ngokubanzi
Ngowe-1939, kwiYunivesithi yase-Iowa, uWendell Johnson kunye nomfundi wakhe ophumelele ekuqhubekeni kweso sifo esilungileyo apho iinkedama zifunyenwe zifundo. Abantwana bahlukana baba ngamaqela amabini kwaye omnye waqala ukukhuthazwa aze adunyiswe ngenxa yokuthetha ngokuthe tye, kwaye okwesibini - ukugxeka kunye nokuphendula ngokungafanelekanga ngeengxaki ze-logopedic. Ngenxa yoko, abantwana abathetha ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye bavelele kwimpembelelo engalunganga, bafumana ukuphulwa kwentetho ebomini. Ukugcina idumela leyunivesiti eyaziwayo, iziphumo zovavanyo zafihlwa ixesha elide, kwaye kuphela ngo-2001 ulawulo lwazisa uxolo lwabantu.
7. Iingcamango ezinxulumene nokukhoyo kwamandla kagesi
Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo, unyango lwezokutshatyalaliswa kombane lwathandwa kakhulu. UDkt. Robert Bartolow waqaphela uvavanyo oluyingqayizivele, ukunyanga ibhinqa elijongene nesilonda ekhanda. Kwathi ngowe-1847. Isilonda sisasazeka kwindawo enkulu, sitshabalalisa ithambo, ngenxa yoko kwakunokwenzeka ukubona ingqondo yomfazi. Ugqirha wagqiba ekubeni asebenzise le nto kwaye wenza umphumo wezinto ezikhoyo ngqo kwiziko. Ekuqaleni isigulane saziva sikhululekile, kodwa emva kokuwela kwi-coma kwaye safa. Uluntu lwavukela, ngoko ke uBololou wayefanele ahambe.
8. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu abangaqhelekanga
Kulo hlabathi lanamhlanje emazweni amaninzi apho uluntu lugxininisa abantu abangaqhelekanga, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba bafune ukuhlukanisa kunye nokutshabalalisa. Ngethuba lokusukela ngo-1971 ukuya ku-1989 kwizibhedlele zempi zaseMzantsi Afrika laphunyezwa le projekthi "uAversia", eyayinjongo yokuqhelanisa ubungqingili. Ngenxa yoko, amasosha angama-900 amabini wesini ahlupheke ngeendlela ezingekho phantsi kokuziphatha kunye nezobuganga.
Okokuqala, kuyamangalisa ukuba abafundisi "bafumanisa ukuba" abantu basini. Okokuqala, "izigulane" zenziwa unyango lweziyobisi, kwaye ukuba kwakungekho miphumo, ii-psychiatrists zitshintshela kwiindlela ezigqithiseleyo: unyango lwe-hormonal kunye nolwaphulo. Injabulo yabalingisi ayizange iphele apho, kwaye imikhosi engamahlwempu yayithotyelwa kwi-chemical castration, kwaye ezinye zatshintshana ngesondo.
9. Ukuvulwa ngokukrakra kweNdlu ye-White House
Ngethuba lolawulo lukaBarack Obama, urhulumente wabumba ikomiti yophando eyenza uphando kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ngo-1946 abaphandi abaxhaswe ngabakwa-White House baxhaphaza ngamabomu i-syphilis kunye nama-Guatemala ama-1,300. Uvavanyo lwadlula iminyaka emibini, kwaye injongo yabo yayikubonisa ukuphumelela kwepenicillin ekhatheni kwesi sifo.
Abaphandi baye benza okubi: bahlawula izihenyu, apho basasaza khona isifo phakathi kwamajoni, amabanjwa kunye nabantu abanezifo zengqondo. La maxhoba awazange agxeke ukuba ayagula. Ngenxa yolu vavanyo, abantu abangama-83 bafa ngenxa ye-syphilis. Xa yonke into ivulekile, uBarack Obama wayexolisa ku rhu lumente kunye nabantu baseGuatemala.
10. Iingqondo zentolongo yengqondo
Ngowe-1971, isazi senzululwazi uFilipu uZimbardo sigqibe ukuqhuba ukuzama ukujonga indlela abantu ababethunjelwe ngayo kunye nabo banamandla. Abafundi abavolontiya kwiYunivesithi yaseStford bahlukaniswa ngamaqela: amabanjwa kunye nabalindi. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho umdlalo "entolongweni". Ingcali yeengqondo yafumanisa impendulo engalindelekanga kubantu abatsha, ngoko ke, abo babenendima yabalindi, baqala ukubonakalisa ukuthambekela kobuhlungu, kwaye "amabanjwa" abonisa ukuxinezeleka kwengqondo kunye nokungabi namandla. UZimbardo wayeka ukuvavanya kwangaphambili, kuba ukuvutha komsindo kwakunzima kakhulu.
11. Uphando lokufa komkhosi
Kule nkcazelo elandelayo akunakwenzeka ukuba ungabikho. Ngexesha le-Sino-Japanese kunye neMfazwe yehlabathi II, kwakukho iqela lokuphanda ngemikhosi yezemvelo kunye nekhemikhali, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Block 731". U-Siro Ishii wamyalela kwaye wayengenangqondo, njengoko wayecinga ngabantu kwaye wenza i-vivisection (ukuvulwa kwezinto eziphilayo), kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, ukuchithwa kunye nokuqhwala kwamalungu, kwazisa iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifo. Kwaye amabanjwa ayetyenziselwa iithagethi ezihlaziyiweyo zokuvavanya izixhobo.
Ukutshitshiswa kukuba ulwazi emva kokuphela kobutshaba u-Ishii lwalukhunjulwa kumagunya aseMelika. Ngenxa yoko, wachitha ixesha elithile entolongweni waza wafa iminyaka engama-67 yomdlavuza we-larynx.
Uphando olunobungozi lweenkonzo zemfihlo ze-USSR
Kwixesha lamaSoviet, kwakukho isiseko semfihlelo apho bahlolisisa umphumo weentlanzi kubantu. Izifundo zazibizwa ngokuthi "iintshaba zabantu." Izifundo zazingenjalo nje kuphela, kodwa ukufumanisa umgaqo weekhemikhali ezingenakuchongwa emva kokufa komntu. Ngenxa yoko, isilwanyana safumanisa kwaye sabizwa ngokuba yi "K-2." AmaNgqina athi phantsi kwefuthe lobutyhefu umntu ulahlekelwa amandla, uba, njengokungaphantsi, aze afe iminyaka emi-15.