Enyanisweni, ezininzi izazinzulu kunye nabaqashi bechitha ubomi babo bonke befuna izisombululo ezifanelekileyo zokufumanisa zabo ezenza lula nokuphucula ubomi bomntu. Kodwa, njengoko kwavela, izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo "zangena" zivele ngengozi.
Siqokelele zonke izinto eziyi-25 ezingaziwa ukuba akukho mntu uceba ukwenza. Kwenzeka njalo. Kwaye ngokubaluleke kakhulu, namhlanje asicingi ubomi ngaphandle kwezi zinto!
1. I-sugar substitut - saccharin
Ubuncinane kanye ebomini, ngamnye wethu wazama ukutshintshwa kweswekile. Kodwa bambalwa abantu bacinga malunga nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Ngomnyaka we-1879 uKonstantin Felberg, isazi samakhemikhali, wayefunda i-tar yamakha, ezama ukufumana enye inguqulo yokusetyenziswa kwayo. Kwaye, njengesiqhelo, emva kokubuya ekhaya emva komsebenzi onzima kosuku, waqaphela ukuba iincakeka zomfazi zakhe zininzi kakhulu kwaye zinamnandi kunokuba ziqhelekileyo. Ukubuza umfazi oko kwakungalunganga, wacinga ukuba wayekhohliwe ukuhlamba izandla emva kokusebenza kunye ne-tar. Yile ndlela esetyenziselwa ngayo isayiti yendawo, esetyenziswe kuwo wonke umhlaba, ithatha indawo emhlophe.
2. Uthuli ococekileyo
Uthuli olumandla luyilo lwe-nanotechnology, okubhekiselele kumacebo amancinci angabonakaliyo angenawo asebenzayo njengenkqubo enye. Uthuli olubonakalayo lubukeka lubulela kumfundi ophunyeziweyo weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Jamie Link, owafunda i-chip silicon. I-chip yaqhuma, kwaye uJamie wayivakalisa ingcamango yokuba izinto ezincinci zingasebenza ngokuhlukileyo, njengenkqubo enye. Namhlanje, le teknoloji isetyenziselwa ukufumana yonke into evela kwiimvumi ezibulalayo ukuya kwii-biological agents.
3. Iipatato zeepatato
Ewe, kuvela ukuba i-snack eyintandokazi ayikwazanga ukubonakala ebomini bethu. Ngowe-1853, i-chef i-George Cram yokudlela yaseNew York yenzeke ngengozi yengozi. Kwaye ngoko, njengoko kwenzekayo: umthengi onelisekile wabuyela kwisitya seetatata kwiikhikhithi, esithi "imanzi". Emva koko iKram eyayicasulayo yenza isigqibo sokufundisa umthengi isifundo kunye neetayibisi ezincinciweyo ezinkontsi ezincinci, zityhutyhile zize zihluthe kwaye zifafazwe ngetyuwa. Ukumangaliswa ngumpheki, isidlo sasimnandi kumxhasi. Ngoko kwakukho ii-chips.
4. Coca-Cola
Isiselo esisiphumo, esinoqhelo oluqhelekileyo kubo bonke abantu, lubonakala njengelapha ngexesha lemfazwe yembambano kubonga udokotela wasejoni uJohn Pemberton. Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba i-cocaine ikhona kwi-original cocaine.
5. Izithelo zeqhwa
Ngomnyaka we-1905, i-soda yayisinye seziphulo ezidume kakhulu. UFrank Epperson oneminyaka eli-11 ubudala wanquma ukuba angasindisa imali yakhe yepokhethi ukuba wenza i-soda ekhaya. Ngokudibanisa i powder kunye namanzi, uFrank wayekufutshane nomtya ofanayo we-soda, kodwa ngenxa yokudideka, wangena ngephanyazi emanzini ebhantshi ubusuku bonke. Xa uFrank waphuma kwivaranda ekuseni, wabona ukuba umxube unqabile kunye nentonga engasekhohlo.
6. I-confle cones ye-ice cream
Kuze kube ngo-1904, i-ayisikrimu yayisetyenziswa kwisitya. Kwaye ngexesha leMiboniso Yehlabathi kwakukho izimpondo. I-kiosk kuloo mboniso yayinayo ice cream ecolileyo kangangokuthi imfuno yalo yayinkulu, kwaye iiplate zaphela ngokukhawuleza. Ngaloo xesha, kwi-kiosk engumakhelwane kunye namaqhekeza asePersi, kwakungekho nto yorhwebo, ngoko abathengisi banquma ukujoyina. Baqala ukuphosa ama-waffles baze bafake i-ayisikrimu apho. Yileyo ndlela iimpondo ezibonakala ngayo.
7. Iingubo zeTeflon
Uninzi lwabafazi bendlu bayazi ukuba i-Teflon yengubo ye-frying ipowula yandinceda amaninzi amaninzi. Kwaye kwavela le ngqungquthela eyokuqala kwekhulu lama-20 ngumbongi wekhemikhali uRoy Plunkett, oye waphazamiseka ngephutha kwiindawo ezihlaziyiweyo zefriji. Inkampani apho uRoy wasebenza khona, ngokukhawuleza ilungelo lobunikazi lokufumanisa oku.
8. Ierubha echanekileyo
UCharles Goodyear wachitha iminyaka emininzi ezama ukufumana irubha eza kulwa nokushisa kunye neqhwa. Emva kwemizamo emininzi engaphumeleli, ekugqibeleni wafumana umxube owawusebenza. Ngaphambi kokucima ukukhanya kwiworkshop, uCharles waphahlaza ngeplabhu, isulfure waza wahola kwi-stove. Umxube wawunobumba kwaye unzima. Ngokwenza njalo, inokusetyenziswa.
9. Iiplastiki
Ekuqaleni kwee-1900, i-shellac yayisetyenziswa njengento ekhuselayo. Lo ngumveliso wemvelo owenziwe kwi-resin, eveliswa ngasempuma-ntshona. Ngenxa yoko, u-Leo Hendrik Bakeland wamakhemikhali wenza isigqibo sokuba unokufumana isityebi xa efika ngenye indlela kwi-resin ebiza. Kodwa, oko wakhuphayo kwakuyiplastiki, leyo, phantsi kwefuthe lokushisa okuphezulu, ayizange ishintshe iipropati zayo. Ukuveliswa kwangoko kwathandwa kwaye kwafumana igama elithi Bakelite.
10. I-Radioactivity
Ngowe-1896, i-physicist uHenri Becquerel wenza uphando malunga ne-luminescence kunye ne-x-ray. Ukuhlola i-phosphorescence kwi-uranium salts, uHenry wayedinga ukukhanya kwelanga. Kodwa loo mini eParis yayingummandla wezulu. Emva koko usosayensi wayifaka ityuwa ye-uranium kwiphepha elimnyama kwaye walibeka ebhokisini kwiplati yezithombe. Kwiveki kamva wabuyela ukuqhubela isifundo. Kodwa, ebonisa ifilimu, wabona ukushicilelwa kwetyuwa ephepheni, ebonakala apho ngaphandle kwefuthe lokukhanya.
11. Mawein dye
Idayi yokufakelwa yabonakala ngenxa yokuzama ukuphumelela kweemfuyo ezineminyaka eyi-18 ubudala uWilliam Perkin, owayezama ukudala unyango lwe-malariya. Kodwa ukuhluleka kwenzululwazi kwaguqula umhlaba jikelele. Ngowe-1856, uWilliam waphawula ukuba ukuzama kwakhe, okanye kunokuba i-mash ye-turbid, yendebe indebe enombala omhle. Ngoko kwakukho idayi yokuqala yomhlaba, ebizwa ngokuba yiMowein.
12. I-Pacemaker
I-Greatbatch Wilson isebenze ekudaleni isixhobo esinokurekhoda isigqi senhliziyo yomntu. Kodwa ngethuba lokulinga, wangena ngengozi kwindlela ayiyiyo yokuchasana. Ngenxa yoko, ifowuni yenze kakuhle isigqi sentliziyo. Ngoko kwakukho i-pacemaker yokuqala yokufaka umbane.
13. Iifomthi zePhepha
Ngowe-1968, i-Spencer Silver yazama ukuqulunqa i-glue eqinile kwi-Scotch tape, kodwa yafumana into enamathele, kodwa ukuba ifunwa kalula ikhutshwe ngaphandle kokushiya. Emva kwemizamo eminingi engaphumeleli yokufumana ukusetyenziswa kwalolu glue, umlingane weSiliva, u-Art Fry waqaphela ukuba i-glue ingasetyenziselwa amanqaku emaphepha-stickers.
14. Ii-microwaves
Bonke abantu abasemhlabeni bafanele babonge umcebisi weNavy uPercy Spencer ngokufumanisa ii-microwave esisebenzisayo namhlanje kwiivenki ze-microwave. U-Percy wayexakeke nge-microwaves emitters xa ephawule ngephanyale ukuba ibhotile ye-chocolate kwipokothini yakhe yaqala ukuyibilika. Kwaye ukususela ngo-1945, akukho mntu kwihlabathi wayesazi iingxaki ngokutya okufudumalayo.
15. I-Slinky - i-toy toy
Ngomnyaka we-1943, unjiniyela we-US Navy uRichard James wazama imithombo, ezama ukuvula i-device yesithuthi. Ngengozi wawa phantsi ucingo oluphosakeleyo phantsi. Yaye intambo yaxuma yaza yaxuma. Ukususela ngoko, kwakukho umdla wokwenene kulo mdlalo wokudlala, owenziwe ngumntu wonke: abadala kunye nabantwana.
16. I-Plastic Children Play-Yenza
Enye yeempawu zamantombazana ezithandwayo zivela ngethuba elihle. Ekuqaleni, ubunzima be-viscous massy beyinto engeyona into ecocekileyo yephepha lodonga. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 abantu bayeka ukusebenzisa amalahle ukufudumeza izindlu, oku kuthetha ukuba iphepha lodonga lahlala licocekile ixesha elide. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, unyana we-inventor uhlakaniphile u-Cleo McQuicker wafumanisa ukuba kule ngqungquthela unokwenza iziqulatho ezahlukeneyo.
17. Umzuzwana
Kwinkqubo yokuphuhlisa i-lensi yeplastiki kwimiboniso, uHarry Kuver, umphandi kwi-laboratories ye-Kodak, wafumana iqela elenziwe ngama-cyanoacrylate. Kodwa ngelo xesha, uHarry wayenqabile oku kufumanisa ngenxa ye-super-flop. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, le nto yabuyiswa kwakhona kwaye yabonakala kwimarike njengowamazwi "aphezulu".
18. I-Velcro fastener
Injini yaseFransi uGeorge de Mestral yayikuzingela kunye nenja yakhe xa yaqaphela ukuba i-burdock yayibambelele ngokunyanisekileyo kwiboya yomhlobo wayo onamaqhina amane. Ekugqibeleni, wakwazi ukuphinda abuyele izinto ezinjalo kwibhubhoratri. Kodwa ukuveliswa kwakungekho kwada kwaze kwaba yilapho iNASA iqaphela.
19. Iimitha ze-X-ray
Ngomnyaka we-1895, uWilliam Roentgen, ngexesha lokuzama ukukhanya kweemitha, efumene ngengozi ukuba i-radiation ye-tube cathode ray idlula kwizinto eziqinileyo, ezishiya emva kwesithunzi. Inkcazo yodwa yile yinto yokuba imilayezo yokukhanya idlulelwe ngaphandle kwezahlulo.
20. Ingilazi engeyiyo
Umpempi waseFransi u-Edward Benedict wagqithisa ngephupha emgangathweni, kodwa ngokuyisimangaliso akazange aphule, kodwa waqhekeka kuphela. Eyamangalisiwe, u-Edward wagqiba ukufundela i-flask ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye wafumanisa ukuba i-nitrate ye-cellulose equkethwe kwiplastiki ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe igrlasi ibe namandla. Ngoko kwakukho iglasi yokukhusela.
21. Iingqungqembe zommbila
Xa uWaite Kate Kellogg wamnceda umzalwana wakhe alungiselele ukutya kwabagulayo esibhedlele, wafumana ngephutha ukuba inhlama, ishiye ixesha elide, utshintshe iimpahla zayo. Emva koko u-Waite wagqiba ekubeni abone oko kwakuza kwenzeka xa wayepheka i-pastry ekhethiweyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nangona ayengaziwa ngokuchanekileyo okwenzekayo ngenxa yolu vavanyo lwezolimo, kodwa imbali yokubonakala kweefomflakes zokuqala yile nto.
22. iDynamite
Musa ukucinga ukuba abantu bafunda nje ukutshitshisa into ethile. Kwiminyaka emininzi abantu basebenzisa i nitroglycerin kunye nesibhamu, okwakunjalo, ngokungafani nokungazinzi kwezakhiwo zabo. Emva kokuba uAlfred Nobel esebenza kwibhubhoratri ene nitroglycerin kwaye ngengozi waphonsa umlenze ezandleni zakhe. Kodwa i-explosion ayizange ilandele, kwaye uNobel wahlala ephila, ngaphandle kokulimala. Njengoko kwavela kamva, loo nto yawela ngqo kwi-chips ye-wood, eyathatha i-nitroglycerin ngokwayo. Ngoko kwagqitywa ukuba i-nitroglycerin xa ixutyaniswe nayo nayiphi na into enomdaka iyaqina.
23. iAnesthesia
Kunzima ukusho ngubani obandakanyekayo ekuvelweni kwe-anesthesia, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo wonk 'ubani unokubulela ngoku kufunyanwa kukaCrawford Long, uWilliam Morton noCharles Jackson. Nguye owaqala ukufumana iimpawu ezimangalisayo zezidakamizwa ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-nitrous oxide okanye igay gay.
24. Insimbi engenasici
Namhlanje, asibheki ubomi bethu ngaphandle kokusika, okwakhiwa yi-English metallurgist uHarry Briarli. UHarry wadala umbhobho wesibhamu, ongenakugquma. Kungekudala emva koko, i-metallurgist yavavanya inzala yakhe ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ze-caustic. Ukuvavanya ngempumelelo umso welamula, uHarry waqaphela ukuba isinyithi sakhe sasiza kuba yinto efanelekileyo kakhulu yokukhangela.
25. I-penicillin
Ukufunda i-staphylococci, u-Alexander Fleming wongezela iibhaktheriya kwisitya sePetri ngaphambi kokuya kwikhefu waza wawashiya. Emva kokubuya eholidini, uFleming wayekulindele ukuba abone i-colony ebanzi yebhaktheriya, kodwa, xa wamangaliswa, wabona apho kuphela isikhunta. Emva koviwo, inzululwazi yafumanisa ukuba i-product-mold ye-mold yavimbela ukukhula kwe-staphylococci, ngaloo ndlela ivula i-antibiotic yokuqala yehlabathi.