Phakathi kwemifuno yeentsapho zeCruciferae phantse zonke iindidi zi-biennials. Ukukhula iklabishi emhlophe iyathandwa kakhulu kunezinye iintlobo - i-rapeseed, isithombo okanye ukuhlwayela isithombo. Ubuninzi beklabishi, ukuchasana nesithwathwa kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-hybride zibhekwa njengezibonelelo zalo mhlaza.
Ukutshala iklabishi emhlophe
Ekubeni iklabishi ingu-biennial, kunyaka wokuqala uvelisa amaqabunga amnyama-grey aphezulu, ecaleni kakhulu. Ukwazisa indlela yokutshala ngokufanelekileyo iklabishi emhlophe ukwenzela ukuvelisa isivuno esaneleyo akunakwanela: kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iindidi, icebo lokutshala, ukubunjwa kochumiso kunye nezinye izinto. Ukulungiselela ukutyala kubandakanya:
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula. Iklabishi iqala ukubandezeleka ngezifo ukuba imibhede phantsi kwayo ayizange ikhule kakuhle kwaye ihluthe ukhula. Eduze kubo, i-cabbages cishe ayiyi kukhula.
- Ukudala uluhlu olufanelekileyo lomhlaba. Ingxenye ephezulu yebhedi kufuneka ihlanganiswe nge-loam: ukutshala iklabishi emhlophe kufuna i-content ephezulu ye-humus ngezinga eliphantsi le-acids okanye ngaphandle kwayo.
- Ukuqhutyelwa kwekwindla yesayithi. Emva kokuvuna imifuno yangaphambili, umhlaba ukhululiwe kwaye ixabiso elincinci lezinto eziqhekezayo zisetyenziswa - i-choki okanye i-dolomite.
Indlela yokutshala izityalo zeklabishi ezimhlophe?
Uninzi lwabalimi lukhetha izityalo ukuvelisa imbewu. Inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yithuba lokuvuna kunyaka wokuqala, ngaphandle kokuba imbewu yeentlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa zisetyenziswe. Ukutshala iklabishi emhlophe kwizityalo zomhlaba kuncitshisa kakhulu ixesha lokuhlala kwemifuno kwinqanaba, ngelixa kunciphisa ingozi yokubonakala kokubola nezinye izifo. Iqukethe amanqanaba amaninzi:
- Ukutyala kwiipat okanye iplastiki yamanani amancinci. Xa utshintshela emhlabathini, inkqubo yeengcambu iyonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza, ngoko inokuthintela ngokuthintela ukwanda kwayo. Isitya seplastiki sinokunqunyulwa kwaye sibekwe ngodongwe lwebumba kwi-groove ebhedini.
- Ukulungiselela amaqula. Edibaneni bamba imingxuma engaphantsi kwe-10 cm. Ngamnye wabo bafaka i-humus.
- Ukuqhekeka kwezityalo. Ukulima kweklabishi emhlophe emhlabathini, umhlaba awufanele ulungelelaniswe: umgca ophezulu ufafazwe ngomhlaba owomileyo, ukuba unqwenele, ngokuwunqumla nge-sawdust okanye inaliti.
Indlela yokulima imbewu emhlophe iklabishi?
Ukutshala kwe-Bezrassadnaya kunika inkcubeko yemifuno inzuzo ebalulekileyo: inkqubo yeengcambu yenziwe ngaphandle "kokuxinezeleka" ngendlela yokutshintshwa, ngoko kwandise umkhuhlane weengcingo kunye nezifo. Ukukhula kwendima yenqwelo yomhlaba kumiswa ngenxa yokutshaliswa kweentsuku ezili-10-15. Ukucetyiswa kwembewu emhlophe iklabishi kucetyiswa kwesi sicwangciso:
- Ukuxhatshaliswa kwembewu. Ngaphambi kokutyala, imbewu ihlanjululwe iiyure eziyi-2-3 kwisisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate ukuqinisekisa ukukhusela ukubola kunye "nomlenze omnyama".
- Ukuhlwayela imbewu. Baya kubhalelwa kumhlaba onomdaka ukuze u-2-3 cm ube yi-3-4 imbewu nganye kwisihlamba, amahlumela okuqala avela ngomhla wesi-7 ukuya ku-9 emva kokuhlwayela.
- Ukukhululeka emva kokubonakala kweqabunga lokuqala eliqhathaniswayo. Ukuba inxalenye yesityalo ibonakala ibuthakathaka okanye ibonakaliswe, iyaqhawulwa ebhedeni.
Ingakanani ukutshala iklabishi emhlophe?
Ukuqwalasela umgama othile phakathi kwezityalo kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba iinkqubo zabo ezingcambu zingaphakathi, kwaye amaqabunga awasuleleki kwizifo ezikhoyo entloko engummelwane. Umgama phakathi kwemigca, ephawulwayo xa utyala iklabishi emhlophe, kuxhomekeke kwiindidi kunye nobukhulu bentloko:
- isisk ikrebeji yesisindo ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2.5 kg-30 cm;
- isisindo somzimba ukuya kwi-4 kg - 40 cm;
- ifoloji yesisindo ukusuka kwi-4 kg nangaphezulu - 50 cm.
Indawo yokutshala iklabishi emhlophe
Efanelekileyo ukutshala umhlaba otshaweyo, ocebile kwi-peat okanye nge-nitrogen. Inhlabathi engxowanisiweyo kunye namanzi ayongela le mifuno nge-bacteriosis. Ukutshala iklabishi emhlophe emhlabathini kuyabonelela ukuba ngababakho ngaphambili - amazambane, ukhukhamba kunye nemifuno. Uluhlu lweminye imithetho yokukhetha indawo luquka:
- amanzi okungahlambulukanga emhlabathini ukuququzelela ukufikelela komoya;
- izinga eliphakathi lokukhanya - ngaphandle kwelanga elivulekileyo nesithunzi esinamandla;
- "I-backstage" ukusuka kwizityalo ezide kumabhedeni angomakhelwane;
- indawo ekude kwimithi yezithelo.
Imigaqo yokutyala iklabishi emhlophe
Isikhathi sokutshala izithombo okanye imbewu kwindawo evulekileyo okanye ukutsalwa kwetreenhouse kuxhomekeka kummandla kunye nempawu zayo zemozulu. Iklabishi ayifuni "kwizityalo zokuqala zokutyala", ezithunyelwa kwindawo engapheliyo yokukhula emva kokufudumala kokuqala. Ukutshala nokunyamekela iklabishi emhlophe kungatshintshwa ngenxa yeemeko zezulu, kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuqhelanisa xa utyala izithombo kwixesha elilandelayo:
- kwimimandla esenzantsi - ngomhla we-10 ukuya kwe-15 kuMatshi;
- Umgca ophakathi phakathi kuka-Matshi 25-30;
- imimandla eneemeko ezinzulu - ngoMeyi 1-15.
Ukukhula iklabishi emhlophe kwindawo evulekile
Emva kokudluliselwa emhlabathini kufuneka kudlule ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-20, ukuze kube lula ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi imbewu eyenza amahlumela aphumeleleyo, kwaye yiyiphi-iya kuxhomekeka. Ngokupholisa ngokukhawuleza, amahlumela angagutyungwa ngeplastiki yokugubungela iiveki ezi-1-2. Njengoko iimfihlo eziphambili zokukhupha iklabishi emhlophe ziqwalaselwa:
- Ukukhethwa ngexesha. Ukuba izityalo azihambanga kakuhle ekukhuleni ebhedeni, zisusa ezinye iifom ezigulayo okanye enye yesithathu kwingcambu.
- Ukukhululeka emva kwemvula. Ukuxhamla umhlaba ukhululeke kwi-3-5 cm.
- Uthintelo ekukhuleni. Amaqabunga angaphandle ahluma ngaphandle kwemifuno anqunywe ukunyusa ubuninzi besityalo.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokukhula iklabishi emhlophe - ukunisela
Emva kokudluliselwa emhlabathini, izityalo zixutywa ngokubanzi ngosuku olulandelayo, zikhokelela umlambo wamanzi phantsi kweengcambu. Izityalo ezikhulayo zeklabishi emhlophe kwixesha elizayo zifumana isicwangciso sokunisela:
- 1-2 kwiiveki emva kokudlula - nganye intsuku 2-3;
- 3-4 iiveki - 1 ixesha kwiintsuku ezingama-5;
- ukususela kwiinyanga ezimbini - kanye ngeveki.
Ukukhwela iklabishi emhlophe - ukugqoka okuphezulu
Ukusetyenziswa kwezichumiso ezikhuselekileyo ezikhuselekileyo kukuvumela ukwandisa isivuno kunye nokukhawuleza inkqubo yokuvuna imifuno. Ubuninzi obuninzi obuninzi bungenikwa xa uqala ukondla iklabishi iintsuku ezingama-20 emva kokutshala kwindawo evulekile. Ingqikithi yexesha lokukhula kwalo, kuya kubakho ukwenza u-3-5 ubuncwane bomhlaba kunye nezichumisi ezongeziweyo kumanzi afudumele ukunkcenkceshela. Isichumisi esifanelekileyo sokutsala iklabishi emhlophe ifakwe kuluhlu lulandelayo:
- mullein ;
- superphosphate ;
- nitrofosca ;
- sulfate ye potassium;
- ukunyuka kweenkukhu.
Ukunyamekela iklabishi emhlophe endle
Ukongeza kwenkcenkce nkceshelo kunye nochumiso, iklabishi iyadingeka kunye nokunyamekela. Ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga, umgca ophezulu womhlaba uphuthuzwa ngomhlaba we-turf okanye i-substrate ngomlotha. Akwanele ukuqonda indlela yokunyamekela iklabishi emhlophe - kubalulekile ukubeka iliso rhoqo imeko yayo, ukuhlola amaqabunga kunye nengcambu yesityalo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko yokwenza unyango, ukulungiswa okukhethiweyo kuxutywa ngamanzi kwaye kufefa ngamagqabi esityalo.
Izifo zeklabishi
Imifuno ifumaneka kumalungiselelo okwelapha, kodwa ayikhuthazwa ukuyiphatha ngeekhemikhali ezinetyhefu. Oku kuyinkqubo yokulwa nezinye izifo, ngoko ukuxilongwa okufike ngexesha kufikelele ekukhuseleni ukuphuhliswa kweentsholongwane kwiibhedi. Ukukhula nokunyamekela iklabishi emhlophe kungaphazamisa umgadi wegadi kunye nesinye sezifo ezilandelayo:
- Iikhabhi. Ukuphazamisa amafungus kuthinta amaqabunga amancinane okanye izityalo kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo. Mhlawumbi banokuhlwayela imbewu. Kwiingcambu kunye namaqabunga avela kwifungus avela ukukhula okubi.
- Isifo sobunzima. Kwakhona kuthiwa i-peronosporosis - le fungus ithinta zonke iintlobo zeklabishi ngeengubo ezimhlophe kunye namacwecwe ombala ophuzi.
- Fusarium. Ukukhula iklabishi emhlophe igqithisa ukukhusela le fungus, ebonakalayo kuphela xa isika iqabunga. Inyama yesityalo ihlanganiswe nemifuno emdaka.
- Intsholongwane kaMoses. Ngethuluzi elingcolileyo kunye nabathengisi bezinambuzane, ungena kwiisisitsu seziqabunga zeklabishi kwaye kubangela utshintsho olungenakuguquka kuyo. Kuyo kubonakale kubonwe i-necrotic patches, ngenxa yoko amaqabunga abuna aze afe.
- Umlenze omnyama. Ngokutyalwa okuninzi, ukuthambisa ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ukukhanya okwaneleyo, umlomo wesibeleko uba mnyama kwaye uncinci kwizityalo. Iimbewu ezincinci zikhubazekile kwaye ziwa.
- Ukubola okumhlophe. Esi sifo sisifo esifana nesibumba. Uhlanganisa amaqabunga eklabishi ngamacwe amhlophe e-mucous nge "coffy".
Iiklabishi ezinambuzane
Ukongeza kwizilonda ezithathelwanayo nezifayo, zikhona izifo ezibangelwa ziinambuzane . Zineempawu eziqhelekileyo: ingcambu yenkcubeko yemifino iyomisa, amaqabunga abonisa i-plaque kunye ne-foci ye-dessication. Ukulawulwa kweentlanzi zeklabishi kunokuqhutyelwa izilwanyana zomntu, kunye nolungiselelo lobuchwepheshe olubizwa ngokuba yi- insecticides . Kwiibhedi kunye nesi sityalo, kukho izidumbu ezinjengezi:
- Iklabishi ye Spring indiza. Inambuzane ehambahambayo kuqala ichaphazela iingcambu zesityalo, ize iqale ukutya izityalo zengcambu.
- Iklabishi yesikolo. Inkathazo ibangela ukulahleka okukhulu kweklabishi, kuba izibungu zala maqabunga zondla amaqabunga amanzi.
- Iklabishi i-aphid. I-parasite encinci yokutshatyalaliswa imiselwe iikoloni kwisityalo seklabishi, ukufumana umswakama kunye nezondlo.
- Cruciferae. Utshabalalisa iphuzu lokukhula, inambuzane iphuma emigodini.