Isitofu sokulwa nesifo sofuba kubahlali abaninzi base-Soviet indawo baba ngowokuqala ebomini. Yenziwa isana esesibhedlele sokubeletha. Isigodlo asikhuseli ekukhuselweni kwe- bacillus ye-tubercle nge-100%, kodwa kuhloswe ukuqinisa umzimba wokukhusela nokukhusela ukubonakaliswa kweengxaki zesifo.
Ingaba kukho isitofu sesifo sofuba?
Okwangoku, ukugonywa kwe-TB kunyanzelekile kumazwe angama-64 ehlabathini lonke. Njengama-118 athetha, ba bhekisa kwiingcebiso. Kumazwe apho ukugonywa akuvumelekanga, ugonyo olwenzelwe isifo sofuba luyenzelwa abantu abahlala kwiimeko ezingahambelani nemigangatho yokucoceka. Ukongeza, isitofu sithembela kubahlali bala mazwe apho inani elikhulu lezonyango libhaliswe.
Ngaba izitofu zikhusela isifo sofuba ngokupheleleyo? Kuze kube ngoku, ezo ziyobisi azizange zenziwe. Izitofu ezikhoyo zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela. Abavumeli ukuphuma kwesi sifo ukusuka kwifom evulekileyo ukuya evulekileyo, ukuthintela ukusuleleka kwimizimba ehlangeneyo kunye namathambo. I-plus plus-vaccination inganciphisa kakhulu iziganeko phakathi kwabantwana.
Isitofu sokulwa nesifo sofuba kwiintsana
Abanye abazali bakholelwa ngephutha ukuba umntwana omncinci akanakho "ukubamba" isifo sofuba. Ngexesha elifanayo, abantu abadala abakucingi ukuba kwimihlaba yamazwe asekuqaleni kwe-CIS, malunga ne-2/3 yabantu bonke abantu abadala abaphethe isifo sofuba. Abathwali abagulwanga ngenxa yokukhusela ngamandla, kodwa basasaza i-mycobacteria yonke indawo. Ngoko i-pathogen "inokuyifumana" umntwana ngexesha lokuhamba kunye nentlanganiso.
I-BCG inoculation vaccine ikhusela isifo sofuba ngesimo esibi kwaye ayivumeli iingxaki ezinjenge- meningitis enezifo . Isitofu sokugonywa siyava, ngoko ke kuvunyelwe ukuba phantse bonke abantwana. Kubandakanywa indawo ye-malovnym, ingaphambi kwexesha, inobuthakathaka, ukuxhatshazwa kwintlungu yokuzalwa kunye neentsholongwane. Iintsana kunye nokwanda kwisithunzi se-thymus ( thymus gland ), isifo se-jaundice kunye nesifo se-membrane isifo sinokunyamezela ukugonya kakuhle.
Isitofu esitsha sokulwa nesifo sofuba
Idatha ye-World Health Organisation iyadumala. Ngokutsho kwabo, ukusuleleka ngentonga kaKoch isongela wonke umntu wesithathu emhlabeni. Ngoko ngendlela efanelekileyo, isitofu sokukhusela isifo sofuba sifuna wonke umntu. Iingcali zenzululwazi zaseCanada ziye zaphuhliswa kwaye ziqhuba inkqubo yokuvavanya ukuqulunqwa okusha, okujoliswe ekuphuculeni isenzo se-BCG serum. I-inoculation entsha yokulwa nesifo sofuba ivuselela zonke izixhobo zesistim somzimba ezikwazi ukulungelelanisa kwaye zibuthathaka emva kokugonywa kweprayimari.
Ukugonywa kwisifo sofuba kubantwana - "ngokuba" kunye "nokuchasene"
Nangona inzuzo yokugonywa ibonakala, kwiminyaka yamuva abazali abaninzi baye banqaba ukuyiqhuba. Isizathu esikhulu sokwenqaba - ukugonywa kwe-BCG kunemiphumo emibi. Abazali bezingane ezigonywayo bayayiqaphela ukuphuhliswa kwezilwanyana, ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes, ukudibanisa rhoqo, i-otitis kunye ne-bronchitis emva kweminyaka yokugonywa. Kodwa oku akusiyo isigwebo sinyani. Enyanisweni, isitofu sokugonya sinemiphumo emininzi. Kwaye ukuba kuvela iingxaki, ngoko kuphela kwimvelaphi yokungangqinelani kokuchasene, ukuqaliswa kwe-serum yezinga eliphezulu, ukuziphatha okungalunganga kwenkqubo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukugonywa kwe-BCG kwisifo sofuba kuyingozi, siyaqiniseka ukuba iqulethe i-formalin, i-salry salts, i-phenol, i-aluminium hydroxide. Kodwa le ngcaciso ayinaso isayense. Njengenxalenye yesitofu sokugonya kukho iincinci ze-agent engumnxeba wesi sifo, ikhulile kwiimeko zebhubhoratri. Umxholo wabo ukwanele ukuhlakulela ukukhuseleka, kunye nobunzima bokulimaza umzimba.
Iinkqubo zokugonya kwiintsana:
- ukukhuselwa kwizifo ezinzima zesifo sofuba;
- ipesenti encinci yeengxaki;
- ukunyamezeleka kokugonya.
Umgcini:
- i-algorithm enzima yokulawula isitofu;
- Ukuphilisa ixesha elide lomhlaba;
- ubukho bokuthi isitofu sokugonywa asiyi ku "qhelela" (ukhuseleko aluyi kufom).
Inoculation njani malunga nesifo sofuba?
Ukugonya kwaba yimpumelelo kwaye ayibuhlungu, kufuneka yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo. Injoyi kufuneka ukuba yenziwe ngophando kwi-laboratory efanelekileyo. Esi sixhobo esilandelayo siya kufuneka kwi-vaccination:
- i-ampoule ngokugonya;
- i-ampoule nge solvent;
- isetyana eqhelekileyo;
- i-syringe tuberculin;
- i-gauze isula;
- isisombululo sokungakhutshwa komzimba;
- zihluma (zinyumba);
- uboya bekotini.
Njengawo nawuphi na umgaqo, ugonyo olwenzelwe isifo sofuba luqala ngokungahlanjululwa kwezandla, isixhobo. I-vaccine ihlanjululwe nge-solvent kwaye ifakwe kwisirinji. Izintsalela zomoya ziyacinywa. Ngaphambi kwejoza, indawo yokujola iphathwa ngotywala. Inaliti ijojowe ngaphantsi kwinqanaba le-10-15 degrees. Ukugonywa kwesifo sofuba akufanele siwele emisipha - oku kungakhokelela ekugqibeleni kubanda. Ngokukhawuleza emva kwesilya, isigulane kufuneka sibukele ihafu yesure. Ukuba ngeli xesha akukho mpendulo ebonakalayo, inokukhishwa.
Ukugonywa kwesifo sofuba - nini?
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu, i-BCG esibhedlele yenziwa kwiintsuku ezingama-4-7 emva kokuzalwa. Ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile - ngokukodwa ukuba kukho ukuchasene - akunakwenzeka ukuba unqande, udokotela wezingane ucebisa ukuba uhambise iinyanga ezimbini. Kwimeko apho isitofu sokukhusela isifo sofuba sisenziwa kubantwana abangaphezu kweenyanga ezintathu, uvavanyo lweMantoux lufuneka ngaphambili.
Uphi i-inoculation yokulwa nesifo sofuba?
Ukuthintela nokunciphisa imiphumo emibi, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha indawo echanekileyo yokusungulwa kwe-serum. Ukuphumelela kokugonya kuxhomekeke kwisiphi na isilenze esenziwe (ngokuqhelekileyo ikhethiweyo likhethiweyo). Ukugonywa kwabantwana besifo sesifo sofuba kufakwa kwindawo apho ulusu lukhulu kunene. Le ndawo ikhethwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: isandla sinqunyulwe ngokwemimiselo ibe ngamacandelo amathathu. Ngokumalunga nommandla odibeneyo kwicandelo eliphezulu kunye nephakathi kwaye ilawulwa yiziyobisi. Ukugonywa kwesifo sesifo sofuba kwiintsana ngokuqhelekileyo kufakwe kwisigxina esiphezulu sesigxina.
Ingakanani isitofu sokugonywa sisenza isifo sofuba?
Emva kokusungulwa kwesitofu sokugonya, umkhuhlane unokuphela iminyaka engama-6-7. Abantwana abafikelele kwiminyaka eli-7 okanye eyi-14 ubudala banokugonywa ngesifo sofuba ngokukhetha. Ukufumana ukuba ufuna ukugonya umntwana ngokuphindaphindiweyo, faka uvavanyo lweMantoux . Ukusabela kwisigontsho kubonakala ngosuku lwesithathu. I-Revaccination isifo sesifo sofuba iyenzeka kuphela kulabo abanesampula esiphundu - i-papule iphenduka ibomvu kwaye ikhulisa kakhulu ubukhulu.
Inoculation kusuka kwisifo sofuba ukuya kwiintsana - ukusabela
Njengomthetho, akukho mpendulo ebonakalayo emva kwesojojo. Utshintsho lubonakala kuphela emva kwenyanga - enye nesiqingatha emva kokugonywa. Kwisayithi apho isitofu sokugonywa sisifo sisifo sesifo sofuba kwintsana, isilonda esincinci esine-pustule ehlanganiswe ne-scab yenziwe phakathi. Kancinci iphilisa kwaye iyancipha. Xa kukho ukuphiliswa okupheleleyo, umqubu owayo ngokwawo uqobo, kwaye kwisayithi yelenjini kukho inqabana encane njengobunzima.
Ukugonywa kwe-BCG, eyenziwa esibhedlele, kushiya emva komzila ojikelezayo, ububanzi bawo bufikelele kwisentimitha. Isiqhelo sithathwa ukuba inqabileyo ibonwe mhlophe kwaye iphela emva kwenyanga (phantsi kokunyamekela ngokufanelekileyo). Musa ukoyika izinto ezinjalo:
- ukuvuvukala kunye nokubomvu kwiphepha le-injection;
- igxalaba liqala ukukhupha;
- i-abscess encinci;
- ukuvuvukala kwindawo yokulawulwa kwesitofu;
- ukwanda kweqondo lokushisa (kodwa kungaphezulu kwama-38 degrees).
Ezi zimpawu zibhekwa njengesiqhelo, kuba isilonda siphulukisa, kunye nomzimba okwangoku kubangela ukulwa okusemzimbeni kwamanye amazwe angene kuwo. Ngoko kukho ukuqiniswa kwamasosha omzimba. Ukuba emva kokugonywa kweso sibalo sinyamalale, sithetha ukuba inoculation ayinakusebenza, kwaye ukhuseleko aluzange lusebenze. Kungenzeka ukuba oku kubonisa ukuba kukho ukunganyangekiyo kokuzalwa kwesifo sofuba. Kodwa oku kufumaneka kuphela kwi-2% yabantu.
Ukugonywa kwesifo sofuba - ukuchasene
Ngamanye amaxesha ukugonywa akunakwenziwa. Inkoliso iphikisana nabantwana abanomzimba omzimba obuthathaka. Ukongeza kwi-immunity eyancitshisiwe, ukuchasiswa kwe-BCG kunale:
- unesibindi esinamandla kakhulu ekuzalweni (ngaphantsi kwama-2.5 kg);
- I-HIV kumama;
- izifo ezingapheliyo kwifom esebenzayo;
- ubukho boqhagamshelwano kunye nezifo phambi kwe-inoculation;
- ububele (ubunzima bokugonya kunye nezihlobo).