Akukho nkcazelo eninzi malunga nendlela i-aircraft isebenza ngayo, enokubangela ukuwa kwayo kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nesi sihloko, yingakho abagibeli banemibuzo eninzi. Abanye babo bathetha ukuphendula ngokucacileyo kubaqeshwa beenqwelo-moya.
Inqwelo-moya iyabonwa njengenye yezithuthi ezikhuselekileyo, kodwa abantu abaninzi, nokuba nabo bahlala bebaleka, banokwesaba. Kwimeko ezininzi ezingenangqiqo kwaye zidibene nokungaqondi kakuhle umsebenzi wendiza. Ukulungisa le mpazamo, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye nabasebenzi be-airline baphendule imibuzo ethandwa kakhulu abagibeli ababuzayo.
1. Ingaba umhlaba unokuzimela nge-airplane?
Iinqwelo zanamhlanje zineenkqubo zokulawula ezikwazi ukuqhuba inqwelo ngokuhamba ngendlela ebonakalayo ukusuka kwindawo ephakamileyo yemitha engama-300 ukuya kwindawo egcweleyo. Ukufika kungenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa umqhubi kufuneka alandele ukusebenza kwayo kwaye abeke ukulungelelaniswa okufunekayo ukufika. Ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokufika, ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya luqhutywa kwinkqubo ye-glide endleleni, oko kukuthi, ilungisa intshukumo ye-beacon. Okuthakazelisayo, le nkqubo iya kusebenza nangona idizayali ingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo.
2. Ngaba abaqhubi beeplani balala ngexesha lendiza?
Uloyiko lwabantu abaninzi: abaqhubi balala belele, kwaye indiza iyawa. Kodwa eqinisweni yinto engaphezulu kwindalo engaphandle kwento. Kwiimeko ezininzi, emva kokuba ikhosi ibonakaliswe, i-autopilot esebenzayo inqwelo-moya iyasebenza. Ukongeza, abapashi bahlala beqhagamshelana nabaqhubi, abafuna impendulo kubo, ngoko nangona umqhubi ewela elele, oku akuyi kuhlala ixesha elide. Ngeenqwelo zeenqwelo ezide, abadlali ababini okanye abaqhubi abathathu bangasebenza, okwenza kube lula ukutshintshana.
3. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya balungiselela njani ukuhamba?
Kwiiyure ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubaleka, abaqhubi baqhubela uviwo lwezobugqirha kwaye baya emfutshane ekamelweni elikhethekileyo. Apho bafunda ngezulu kwaye baxoxe ngeendlela ezihamba ngayo. Iyure ngaphambi kokubaleka, i-moya iyahlolwa kwaye ilungiselelwe ukuhamba ekuqaleni. Emva kokunxibelelana nabaphathi kwibhodi, abagibeli bahamba.
4. Kutheni kubonakala ukuba umqhubi ujikeleze kwi-cabin?
Ngokuqhelekileyo abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babalekele kwindawo yabo yomsebenzi (amaphupha okuhamba kwendiza), ukuze bafumaneke kwikhabini yeenqwelo. Ngelo xesha, xa bembatha iifomu, bavunyelwe ukulala nokubukela iifilimu kwi-headphones. Oku kuchazwa yinto yokuba abaqeqeshi abaqeqeshiweyo banokubangela ukuba abantu banemibuzo emininzi kwaye banengxaki yokwesaba. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukwenzela ukuba angabhubhisi naziphi na izimo ezingathandekiyo, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bahamba kwiipati zokuzimela ezifumaneka kwi-cockpit yabaqhubi, okanye kwiklasi yokuqala.
5. Ukuba umntwana wazalwa endizeni, ufumana luphi uhlobo lobuzwe?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa kusekho iimeko xa ibhinqa libeletha ngqo kwi-moya ngexesha lokuhamba. Isigqibo sokuba ubummi oza kubakholwa ngumntwana samukelwa yi-airline ethathelwa ingqalelo kumthetho okhoyo. Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili: isatifikethi sokuzalwa singakhishwa lizwe apho i-airline yeenqwelo zithuthi ibhaliswe khona, apho iinqwelo-moya zahamba khona okanye enye apho kufike khona ukufika. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukhetho lokuqala lukhethiwe. Inqaku elithakazelisayo: ezinye iinqwelo-moya zinika abantwana ibhonasi - ziyabaleka ubomi babo bonke ngaphandle kwehlabathi.
6. Kwenzeka kaninzi ukuphazamiseka?
Enyanisweni, inani lezengozi ezinxulumene neenqwelo-moya azikuhle njengoko kubonakala ngathi. Ekubhakabhakeni, iingxaki zinqabile kakhulu, kwaye ngokwemibare, iziganeko ezininzi zenzeka kwimimiselo yokuqala yokuqala emva kwemizuzu emithathu emva kokuhamba. Ukongeza, nangona kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka kwendiza, malunga ne-95.7%. Ukuba kukho uloyiko, kuyafaneleka ukuba sicinge ukuba indawo ezikhuselekileyo zithathwa njengemsila, kwaye kuyacetyiswa ukuba zithenge izihlalo ngaphakathi kwemiqolo emihlanu ukuze zigcine ukuphuma. Inqaku elithandekayo: ukuqhuma okukhulu kwemoya kwenzeka emhlabeni, xa ngo-1977 iindiza ezimbini zadibana nomgwaqo. Le ngozi yabulala abantu abangama-583.
7. Ngaba kukho "ukuhamba ngeenqwelo" ezindiza?
Enyanisweni, iindlela ezizodwa ziye zaphuhliswa, zihanjiswe ngokuphakama, njengokuba zijikeleza iindiza ezijikelezayo kunye nokuphakama, kunye nolunye uhlangothi - kunye nolunqamlekileyo.
8. Kutheni abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abagqoki iindevu enkulu kunye namadevu?
Isigqibo esinjalo asiyena umntu, kodwa sithathwa njengomgaqo, kuba isilevu, amadevu kunye nezinye izibheno zobuso, umzekelo, ukubhoboza, kunokubangela ukuba i-mask ye-oxygen ingeneli ngokukhawuleza. Iimeko ezinjalo zibeka ingozi kwimpilo yabakhweli, ngoko ke abaqhubi bavunyelwa kuphela nje ukuba bangabikho, kungekho nto.
9. Kutheni baphoqelekile ukuba bavule iifestile ngaphambi kokufika kunye nokucima?
Kuye kwakhankanywa ukuba ezininzi zezoxakeka zenzeka ngexesha lokufika kunye nokukhutshwa, kwaye iipalini kufuneka zivule ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abantu bajoliswe kakuhle xa kwenzeka imeko engxamisekileyo, ngoko amehlo abo kufuneka asebenzise ukukhanya kwelanga. Ukongeza, abagibeli kunye nabagadi beentaba kufuneka babone okwenzekayo ngaphesheya.
10. Yiyiphi ekhuselekileyo yokufika ehlabathini okanye emanzini?
Iifilimi zihlala zibonisa ukuba ngexesha lokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ukuqhubela phambili abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafuna ukuqondisa inqwelo-moya emanzini, ngelixa bakha umbono okhohlisayo wabantu. Enyanisweni, ukukhetha "umhlaba okanye amanzi" kuxhomekeke kwimodeli yendiza, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi kunzima ukuhlawula iinqwelo zomhlaba phantsi komhlaba ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kakubi kunamanzi. Oku kuchazwa yinyaniso yokuba, kuvela, i-liquid "ingqongqo" ngenxa yobuninzi bayo kunye nokuvumelana. Ukongeza, emva kokufika, i-moya iya kukhawuleza ibe phantsi kwamanzi kwaye abantu abanakho ukufumana ithuba lokuphuma. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba amathuba okuhlala komhlaba kumhlaba aphezulu kunamanzi.
11. Kuza kube kube nini ukusebenzisa i-oksijini masks?
Ngenxa yokuqhuma okanye ngenxa yezinye iinkxwaleko, i-cabin ingaba yicinezelekile. Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, umntu uya kuhlakulela i-hypoxia, uya kulahlwa kwaye angase afe. Ukuthintela oku, kukho i-mask ye-oxygen mask ngaphezu kwesihlalo somgibeli ngamnye, kwaye yenzelwe imizuzu eyi-10-15. Ngeli xesha, umqhubi uya kuba nexesha lokunciphisa indiza ukuya kwindawo ephakamileyo, apho umntu angakwazi ukuphefumula ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngendlela, umqhubi unesiskhi sakhe se-oksijini, kwaye yenzelwe ixesha elide, kuba umsebenzi we-pilot uyayifaka i-aircraft ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ingqalelo. Ngaphambi kokuba uphakamise indiza emoyeni, kuyimfuneko ukujonga ukusebenza kweemaski zomqhubi.
12. Ingaba umntu oqhelekileyo angayifaka isithuthi?
Iqhinga lefilimu ezininzi lixelela amabali ngendlela abantu abahlukeneyo kunye nabantwana abavelisa ngayo iiplanethi ngaphandle kwemiphumo embi kunye neentlekele, ukufumana izikhombisi ezivela kubathumeli okanye kwezinye iindawo. Ngeemeko zangempela, iimvavanyo zibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kwiinqwelo zanamhlanje. Izifundo ezenziwe ngokutsha kwi simulator kunye neziphathamandla zikwazi ukujamelana nalo msebenzi. Amathuba amahle okuphumelela ngenxa yobungqina kwiinkqubo zekhompyutheni zanamhlanje ezingakhokelela kwaye zenze i-aircraft, ngokukhokelo oluchanekileyo kwintetho yomsakazo kunye ne-dispatcher.
13. Kutheni inqwelo yomoya ingathunyelwa kwikota yesibili?
Ngokwezivoti, abagibeli banomdla kakhulu xa endaweni yokulinda ilanga elide liqala ukufumana ukuphakama. Isigqibo sokuthumela indiza kwinqanaba lesibini yimeko eqhelekileyo, enokuthi zenzeke ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, umzekelo, ukuba into efunyenwe kwinqanaba, umoya oqinileyo ovuthela umoya, okanye isikhumulo sezindiza sivaliwe ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwezabelo ezizodwa.
14. Umoya odweliswe kwi-turbine uthetha ntoni?
Eli nani lenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo, kuba umjelo ungasebenza ngokucace kwaye ufune uphawu olubonakalayo. Kwakubhalwe amaninzi amaninzi, njengoko abantu beza kuye, kwaye ukuhamba komoya kwawagxotha umgama omde, obangela ukulimala kakhulu. Ukukhuphela ngaphandle ezo ngozi ziye zaqala ukubeka phakathi kweempawu ze-turbine, ngoko uyaziqonda, i-turbine isebenza okanye ayikho.
15. Ndingangena njani kwi-cockpit xa umnyango uvaliwe ngaphakathi?
Ukuze ukhuseleko lwe-flight, abagibeli abakwazi ukuvula umnyango kwi-cockpit yeenqwelo-moya, njengoko ivalwe emva kokuba wonke umntu athathe indawo yakhe. Kuhlala kukho umngcipheko wongxamiseko, umzekelo, bobabini abaqhubi bee-pilot bangahle balahlekelwe. Kule meko, umlungiseleli wendiza uyazi ikhowudi ekhethekileyo evula umnyango. Kwi-flight nganye, udibaniso lukhethiweyo, kwaye lubikwe ngaphambi kokuhamba. Emva kokungeniswa kwekhowudi, umnyango uya kuvula ingcaciso ngomzuzu, kodwa ukuba umqhubi ubona ngekhamera yevidyo ukuba ilungu lequmrhu alifuni ukungena, uyayivimba ngokupheleleyo umnyango kwaye akuyi kuba nethuba lokulivula ngaphandle.
16. Abaqhubi bee-pilot badla njani ngexesha lokuhamba?
Abagibeli kunye nabaqhubi beebhanoyi badla ngokungafaniyo, kwaye ezi zimbini zinika izitya ezininzi zokukhetha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkukhu, intlanzi kunye nenyama kunye nezitya zangasese ezahlukileyo, kwaye umqhubi ngamnye uhlala efumana ukutya okuhlukileyo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba ungabandakanyi utyhefu ngeemveliso ezifanayo. Thatha abaqhubi bezinto zokutya, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeke emva kwesondo kwitafile ezikhethekileyo.
17. Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba zonke iinjongo ziyeka ukusebenza?
Xa inqwelo-moya ifumana ukuphakama okufunekayo, abaqhubi baqhubela iimodi apho ii-injini zisebenza kwi-zero. Oku kunokuthelekiswa nemeko xa imoto ihla entabeni kwaye i-lever ayikho ndawo. Ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo kweenjini kwenzeka ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye ngoku malunga nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banomyalelo wokumisela kwakhona. Abagibeli akudingeki bakhathazeke nantoni na, kuba iinqwelo zikwazi ukuhlala kwindawo yokucwangcisa ngaphandle kweenjini. Lobu bungqina bobubungqina: ngo-1982, iinqwelo ze-Boeing 747 zawela efeni lothuli olwakhiwa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-volcanic. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iinjine ezine zalahla, kodwa abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya babenakho ukuhlawula iinqwelo-moya kwisiza sezindiza esiseduze, kwaye akukho namnye wabantu abalimele.
18. Ngaba umbane, isichotho okanye ukudibanisa nentaka inobungozi?
Abaninzi baya kumangaliswa kukuba abagibeli abazivekanga kwaye abaqapheli ukuba umbane uphawula indiza kwaye yinto kuphela ekhoyo eyenzekayo yinkxaso yamandla kwenkqubo. Kule meko, abaqhubi baqhubela phambili ukuyenza ikhululeke, kwaye ukuqhubela phambili kuqhubeka kwimodi evamile. Okumangalisa kukuba, ingozi ilawulwa yiinyoni ezinokungena kwi-fan okanye i-turbine, ebangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwanokutsha kwe-injini. Ukongezelela, ukudibana neentaka akunako "ukusinda" kwiphepha le-windshield. Ngendlela, ii-airports zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusongela iintaka, umzekelo, izakhi zentsimbi kunye neenqwelo-moya. Inengozi yeenqwelo zeenqwelo kunye nesichotho, kodwa iingxaki zeemeteorological zizimisele ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ziyakwazi ukujikeleza.
19. Kutheni abagibeli abafumana iparachuthi xa kukho intlekele?
Ukuxhomekeka kwiparachute ngexesha lokuphahlazeka kwendiza kuyisicwenge, kwaye oku kubangelwa ukuba abantu abaninzi nakwiimeko ezikhululekile abakwazi ukugqoka iparachute kunye nomhlaba ngokuphepha emva kokungena. Ukongezelela, ukuzula ngokuphepha kwi-moya, kufuneka uhambe ngokukhawuleza ekuphakameni okungaphezulu kwama-5 km ngaphezulu komhlaba.