Kubonakala kwiGrike lasendulo kwaye yahunyushwa ngokuthi "inkohliso ngoncedo lwamagama". Ngaphandle kwayo, kunzima ukucinga ukuthetha okulula, uncwadi, ifilosofi, inkcubeko yabantu. Ngokuncediswa, unokwenza into ethile kwaye udibanise inyaniso. Yintoni eyiyo ingongoma yesihloko.
Kuthetha ntoni?
Uku kuhleka, ukuhleka. Abo banomdla kwizinto ezithethileyo zifanelekile ukuphendula ukuba injongo yalo kukuchasanisa intsingiselo yamagama kunye nenjongo yabo yangempela. Okokuthi, umntu uya kuba nexhala, ebiza umntu okhohlisayo okanye okhohlisayo. Ukugculelwa kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkohlakalo yamahlaya, iintlobo zeentlobo zeencwadi kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamandulo. Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa le mfundiso yokubhaliweyo ukuze bathethe ngento ethile.
Irony - Psychology
Ububi obunjalo bubangela ukuba umxholo wengxoxo ayikho into ebonakalayo. Ukubuza ukuba yintoni inzondo, ungaphendula ukuba ngumqondiso weengqondo ezifihlakeleyo, ubukhulu bomphefumlo kunye nobabalo, kodwa ngokwenene kuyindlela yokukhusela. Injongo yalo ifihliwe phantsi kwegobolondo yegama elibi lithetha intsingiselo yento ekuthethwe ngayo. Uhlala ephika isimo sengqondo kwaye akayi kuthatha ingcambu kunoma yiphina indawo: ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ngaphezu kwesihloko esisodwa esichukumisa okanye "siphume ngaphandle", umntu u-ricochet uthinta ngokuchasene naye.
Iingcamango kwifilosofi
Njengendawo ebalulekileyo , isixhobo esicacisayo seengcinga zefilosofi, ukuhleka usulu kuthatha ukubaluleka okhethekileyo ngasekupheleni kwe-18 neyokuqala kwekhulu le-19. Ukubonisa ngamava kaSocrates, owasebenzisa ingcamango ephikisanayo kunye ne-sophists, kunye ne-German romantics uSlegel noMüller, amanani aloo xesha ayekujonga ngale ndlela:
- UZolger wayeyicinga njengento ebalulekileyo yobugcisa.
- A.F. ULosev wasebenzisa njengesixhobo esichazayo, echasene nombono ovakalisiweyo.
- U-K. Marx no-F. Engels bazisa ingcamango yembali, okwakubangelwa kukuba abantu abenza ukuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe baphazamiseka ngalokhu kwaye baqonda ukuba kwakungafani nangoko bazama.
Iintlobo zengqondo
- Umgca ochanekileyo . Iinjongo zokuxolisa kunye nokunikezela ngento echazwe ngumntu ongeyena okanye omhle.
- Ukulwa nemfazwe . Irony kunye neentlobo zayo ziquka ukulwa nemfazwe. Oku kuchazwa ngokuchasene nokunyeliswa ngokuthe ngqo. Emva koko, yintoni inkolelo yindlela yokubonisa into engabalulekanga.
- Ukuzimela . Ukugculelwa, into leyo umntu onomntu. Ngelo xesha, i-subtext yayo inokuba nenjongo efanelekileyo xa uchwepheshe ekhuluma ngokwakhe njengomsebenzi ongenalutho.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kokungcola kunye nokuqwengqa?
Iyokuqala isilathisi esibuqili se-comic. I-Irony njengendlela yokubonakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo iyinto ehlekisayo, eyahlukisayo intsingiselo yamagama enentsingiselo yinyani. Kubangela ukuhleka kwaye akukho nto. Ukwahluka phakathi kokungcikivo nokukrakra kukuba okwesibini akubanga kubangcwangu. Isetyenziselwa ukugxeka kunye nokuvavanya iimpawu zokuziphatha zento. I-Sarcasm ifuna ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu kunye nokugwetywa.
Nazi izinto ezifaniyo:
- Iingcamango zifihlekile kwaye ziveze into yokuthetha. I-Sarcasm ikhalimela ngexabiso elincinane.
- Ukuthetha okungenangqondo rhoqo kunesimo esihle, ngokuchasene nokuhlekwa kwimboyi, apho intsingiselo iyancishiswa. I-Sarcasm ibonisa ngokucacileyo umxholo wokugxeka abantu.
- I-Irony njengoluhlobo lwee-comic lusetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezihlaziyileyo kunye nentetho yomfuziselo yomlomo.
- I-Sarcasm ibonakaliso lwe-satire ebukhali. Isetyenziswa izithethi kwiintetho zabo zokumangalela kunye nabalobi beetekisi zoburhulumente abanomxholo wezopolitiko.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-satire kunye ne-irony?
Eyokuqala luhlobo lobuciko obubugcisa. Ukusuka kumahlaziyizo kunye neentlonelo, ukwahlukana ngokukhawuleza kokusola. Amandla ayo kuxhomekeke kubaluleka bentlalo yesikhundla esithathwe ngumntu onomzimba kunye nokusebenza kweendlela zokuhlambalaza - ukuhlambalaza, i-hyperbole, i-allegory, i-grotesque, i-parody. Njengoko uhlobo lwaluvela kwiincwadi zaseRoma, waza wambamba ezinye iindlela zobugcisa:
- i cinema;
- kwisigaba;
- TV;
- uncwadi (uhlaziyo);
- ISO (ikhathuni, ikhathuni);
- i-journalism (feuilleton) kunye nabanye.
Ukwahlukana phakathi kwe-satire kunye nokuxhalaba kukuba kulwa nento ebonakalisiwe. Ubonakaliswe ngumsebenzi, ulawulo olunamandla olunamandla kunye nenjongo . Kwi-satire, ukuhleka kusoloko kudibana nolaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo bafika phambili, bexhala. Ababhali abhala kwi-satirical genre baquka:
- Saltykov-Shchedrin.
- Swift.
- Walter.
- Beaumarchais nabanye.
Ndingayifunda njani ingxaki?
Ukukwazi ukuguqula amagama ngobuchule kunokuba luncedo ebomini. Emva kwayo yonke into, ukuxiliswa kuyadingeka ukuze kuqhutywe "iimpondo" ngokwemveli kwaye ungabonakali ukusilela komntu ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa udlala ngokugqithisileyo ngamazwi okulondoloza kunye nesithunzi sawo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqwalasela iminyaka yabaphulaphuli, isini, ingqondo, izithethe zenkcubeko. Ukudlala ngokukhululekileyo ngamazwi onokukufunda, ukuba:
- Uninzi lokufunda, ukunyusa ukunambitheka kwe-esthétique. Khetha ezi zifundo zasemakhaya nakwamanye amazwe, eza kukunceda ukukhulisa intetho nokucinga.
- Umbuzo ophazamisayo, indlela yokufunda ukukrakra kunye nokunyaniseka, unokukucebisa ukuba ufunde kuyo yonke into ukuze ubone ukungafani. Kubalulekile ukusho okuchasene noko kuthetha ukuthini. Iqondo eliphezulu lokugqithisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-hyperbole, oko kukuthi, ukunyanyisa. Igama elithi "umgangatho" lithatyathwa yi "abathengi iimpahla".
- Khumbula amagama aqinileyo kwaye uwagxilise entetho yakho: "izandla zegolide", "ihlumelo ezisixhenxe ebunzini", njl njl.