Ifilosofi esaziwayo yaseJamani yekhulu leshumi elinesithoba-uArt Schopenhauer wayekholelwa ukuba izinto ziya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kunye nehlabathi. Oku kuza kubonakalisa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi: isithsaba somthi sifinyelela ukukhanya, utshani luyaphuma kwi-asphalt, indoda iyazama ukuzisebenzisa ulwazi nokuziqonda. Umxholo wokuzikhethela, udla ngokuvakala ngento engalunganga ngenxa yokunqula okungaboniyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokulawula abantu ngabanye, ngokuqala kwimbali yehlabathi la mandulo (amaharahara aseYiputa, ookumkani baseBhabhiloni kunye nabapristi) kunye nokuphela kwembali (i-Hitler, B. Mussolini, N. Khrushchev, uLi Brezhnev).
Kuthetha ukuthini ukuzithandela?
Igama lokuzithandela livela kwi-Latin Voluntas - inkululeko, iya. Ngethuba lokuqala eli thuba lisetyenziswe ngu-F.Tennis ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Kuthetha ukuthini ukuzithandela kuthetha - izenzo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kuquka nezopolitiko, ubomi bezenhlalakahle-ngokusekelwe ekumelelweni okuzithobayo, ukuthanda kwabo kunye nokunyaniseka kwinjongo yomntu.
Yintoni ukuzithandela - lo mbuzo kunye nama-nuances ayo ahambelana namasebe ahlukeneyo yesayensi. Ukuhamba ngokubambisana kukuthanda, ngokuchasene nengqiqo. Ukungahoyi iinjongo zeenjongo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezimbi kuluntu nakwilizwe lonke. Eli gama lisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiipolitiki, kwifilosofi nasengqondweni.
Voluntarism kwifilosofi
I-Voluntarism kwifilosofi yinkqubo engumongo obeka indima ebalulekileyo kumntu okanye ukuthanda kukaThixo ekuphuhliseni uluntu, uhlobo kunye nokuba luphela. Abasunguli beli xesha babeziingcinga kunye nefilosofi: uAgasine, F. Nietzsche, A. Bergson, A. Schopenhauer, I. I-Skott, E. Gartman. Ukulandela isingqinisiso - i-voluntarism yefilosofi ibonisa umzabalazo womntu okanye imeko kunye neemeko. Ku-A. Schopenhauer ukuzithandela kuhamba ngokusondelelene nokungathembeki. Iinkqubo zehlabathi ze-Philosopher, ezisekelwe kwimvelaphi yempumputhe kunye nokungazi, zithathwa njengengenanto.
Voluntarism kwi Psychology
Ngaba, njengamandla amakhulu e-cosmic, anquma zonke iinkqubo zengqondo zomntu. Ukuqhubela phambili ngaphantsi kwefuthe le nkcazo yefilosofi - i-psychology enzulu yenziwa (i-psychoanalysis ye-Freud, i- psychology analysis of CG Jung). Umxhasi we-voluntarism, isazi senzululwazi uWilliam Wundt ukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wengqondo yomntu ngowona nto ibonakalisa kakhulu isenzo somqathango.
Yintoni ukufuna ukuzikhethela kwimiqondo yengqondo? Iingcali zengqondo zeNtshona zephondo leshumi elineshumi elineshumi nantathu (G. Munsterberg, W. James) zichaza intando njengento ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yengqondo. I-Voluntarism njengoko ithetha isiphumo esithile esingenangqiqo, esingazi kakuhle okanye esicacileyo, esenza ukuba umntu asebenze kwaye ibangela izenzo zakhe.
I-Voluntarism kwi-Sociology
Yintoni ukuzithandela kwintlalo yoluntu? Inzululwazi, njengenzululwazi, iinjongo ezininzi kwiimeko zokuphuhlisa uluntu kunye nomntu ngamnye. Ingqiqo yokuzikhethela ithathwa njengophando lwezenzo zentlalo yokuziphatha kwabantu kunye neziqhelo zabo. Uphando lweenjongo kunye neenjongo zabantu ngabanye, ezizikhethela ngokuzithandela kunye nokuzikhethela ngokuzikhethela. Ukufezekiswa kwezinto ezifunwayo kule meko akuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezijoliswe kuyo kwaye akaqwalaselanga nemiphumo emihle.
I-Voluntarist - ngubani lo?
Ibinzana elidumileyo le-Sun King Louis XIV: Urhulumente ndiyam! ufanisa umlawuli waseFransi njengomntu ozithandayo. Imbali ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuya kunamhlanje linikela imizekelo emininzi yempembelelo ewonakalisayo yeengcamango zokuzithandela. Umnqweno wokuzikhethela, ngesifiso sakhe sokuthobela ukuqonda oko akufunayo, ukholelwa ukuba ukulandela uluntu kuya kunceda wonke umntu. Naliphi na indlela efanelekileyo yokufezekisa. Ubuntu bomntu ozithandayo ngexesha elifanayo lidunyiswa, liphuma - le nto eyaziwa ngokuba yinkohlakalo yobuntu ibonakaliswe ngokucacileyo kwikhulu lemashumi mabini. Abaziwayo abaziwayo:
- UCaligula - umbusi waseRoma ongumdumi owaziwayo. Wonakalisa ilizwe. Wacetyisa ukuba asebenzise iigobolondo zasolwandle eziqhelekileyo njengemali.
- ULouis XIV - wathetha eli binzana: Emva kwethu, nangona nogumbe! Umnqweno wokunethezeka, ukuzizonwabisa-ukutshabalalisa umnotho-mali kunye nokukhokelela i-France ukuba iyancipha.
- N.S. Khrushchev - uphuhliso olungaphumeleli lwamazwe angenamntu, umnqweno wokufumana nokugqithisa i-US, ukulungiswa kweWall Wall.
I-Voluntarism kunye ne-fatalism
Imigaqo yokuzikhethela, ngokwenene, iyaphikisana ne-fatalism, kwaye ukuba ukuzithandela kuthatha indawo yokuqala ekuthandeni, ngoko-fatalism kukho ukholo kuyo yonke into echazwe ngasentla. Abadlali be-Fatalists ngabantu abangaqapheli indima yabo ebonakalayo kwinkqubo yokudala yobuninzi kunye nenxaxheba ebalulekileyo inikwe oothixo kunye nesiphelo. I-Fatalism kunye ne-Voluntarism - iinkqubo zehlabathi zivela kwiimfundiso zobuxoki kunye nefilosofi.