Ukuhlolwa kwegazi jikelele kubantwana kuyisalathisi esibalulekileyo esilandelwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngabagadi bezilwanyana. Olu phofu lonyango lugqirha ugqirha ukuba ahlole isimo sempilo yengane kwaye, ekufumaneni ukungaqhelekanga, ngokukhawuleza uqale uviwo olongezelelweyo kunye nonyango olulandelayo.
Ukuhlalutya ngokubanzi ukulungiselela igazi
Eli nqanaba libaluleke kakhulu, kuba iinjongo zeziphumo zixhomekeke kuyo. Ugqirha ngokuqinisekileyo uya kunika iingcebiso ngokucacileyo kubazali. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuhlaziywa kwegazi - ukulungiselela ukuhanjiswa yiyo:
- Abazali kufuneka bahlalutye imvumba yabo ukuba le nkqubo ayiyonto. Nangona kunjalo, ungamkhohlisi umntwana, uthi akuyi kuba yintlungu. Ngoko inkwenkwe, ejongene nemeko yinyani, iya kudanisa abantu abadala. Unokuxelela umntwana ukuba unesibindi kwaye abazali bakhe bayaziqhayisa ngaye. Uqeqesho olunjalo lokuziphatha luyakumkhusela umntwana kwixhala kwaye ancede ukuphepha i-hysteria.
- Ukuhlalutya ngokubanzi kwegazi kubantwana kuthathwa kwisisu esingenalutho. Isidlo sokugqibela sifanele senziwe iiyure ezili-12 ukuya kwe-14 ngaphambi kokuba uthathe izinto. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba uviwo luhlelelwe u-9.00, unako ukondla umntwana ngaphandle kwe-21.00. Ngentsasa, awukwazi ukunika ubisi wakho umntwana, itiye, i-cocoa. Ungayinika inani elincinci lamanzi. Ukuba ukuhlolwa kwegazi jikelele kuthathwa kwiintsana ezingakwazi ukulwa nokuzila okude, inkqubo iya kudlula phakathi kokutya.
- Ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba ufundisise kufuneka ukhawuleze umsebenzi womzimba wengane. Ukuba umntwana uya kugijima, gxuma, ukunqabisa, uhlalutyo lweklinikhi yokumisela igazi kwizingane kuya kubonisa umphumo ophosakeleyo.
- Ngeentsuku ezingama-5-7 ngaphambi kovavanyo oluzayo, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukunika umntwana iivithamini kunye namanye amayeza (ngaphandle kweziyobisi ezibalulekileyo ezinika ukufumana ngokuqhubekayo).
- Ngaphambi kokubhalwa kweemviwo, umntwana kufuneka alele , kuba isimo sakhe sengqondo siya kuthintela ukuziphatha kwamaseli obomvu. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuba umntwana uye endlini yangasese. Ngoko, umzimba uya kukhululeka kwiibhox, kwaye oku kuya kuthintela iziphumo zohlalutyo.
Bazithabatha njani igazi kwizingane?
I-gem-liquide ingathathwa kumnwe kunye nomlanjana. Okuqhelekileyo kuyona ndlela yokuqala. Kwiintsana, izinto eziphathekayo zisuswa kwisithende. Yile ndlela igazi eliphuma kumnwe kuthathwa kubantwana:
- Umncedisi weebhanki iinkqubo zomnwe womnwe kunye nesisombululo se-antiseptic. Emva koko, umgangatho womileyo uyomiswa ngediski edibeneyo eyinyumba.
- Ngoxa uncedo lwe-scarifier elahlayo uhlaba umnwe kwi-2-3 mm ephantsi.
- Umdaka wokuqala wegazi phezu komphezulu ususa intsimbi ye-cotton swab eyomileyo.
- Amaconsi angama-10 alandelayo kumncedisi webhoratri aqokelelwa yi-adapter ekhethekileyo. Igazi kufuneka lihambe ngamandla. Ukwandisa ukuba akunakwenzeka, njengoko kuya kukhokelela ekuxubeni kwayo kunye nezifo zamanzi. Oku kuza kuphazamisa iziphumo zophando: ziya kuzinokuthenjwa.
- Umqeqeshi welebhu uhambisa igazi elikhethiweyo kwibhulogi ebhaliweyo.
- Kwiziko lokuqhafaza, sebenzisa ibhola yombotyi oyinyumba ehlanjululwe kwisisombululo se-antiseptic. Kunconywa ukuyigcina imizuzu emi-5-7. Kufuneka ixesha elide kangaka liyeke ukuyeka igazi.
Iimpawu zokuhlolwa kwegazi kubantwana
Iibhoratri zanamhlanje zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezikhethekileyo, ezenza umsebenzi wengcali. Izinto zokuvavanya zihlawuliswa kwidivaysi, kwaye ngaphakathi kwimizuzu ifowuni ibangela umphumo. Emva koko uhlalutyo lwegazi kubantwana lubuyiselwa ngumncedisi webhubhoratri. Ingcali, phambi kokukhutshwa kwe-decryption, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba isixhobo asizange senze iphutha.
Ezi zilandelayo zibonakaliso zihlalutyiweyo:
- hemoglobin ;
- i-reticulocytes;
- erythrocytes;
- leukocytes;
- ESR ;
- monocytes;
- lymphocyte ;
- basophil;
- thrombocytes;
- zecandelo;
- eosinophil;
- ugwazwe njalo njalo.
Hemoglobin egazini
Iprotheni eyinkimbinkimbi efunyenwe kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Umsebenzi oyintloko wale nkunkuma kukudluliswa kwe-oxygen kunye ne-carbon dioxide. Ngethuba lokufunda, i-hemoglobin ifunyenwe kuvavanyo jikelele lwegazi. Ukuze kube ngokuchanekileyo, inani lemali yeprotheni kwi-1 litre ye-heme-liquide ibalwa. Iimiqathango zilandelayo:
- iintsana - 138-220;
- Iinyanga ezili-1-12 - 99-138;
- Iminyaka eyi-1-6 - 109-144;
- 6-12 ubudala - 114-148;
- ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12 ubudala - 114-150.
Xa isibonakaliso se-hemoglobin siphezulu kuneyona siqhelekileyo, oku kubonisa ukuba umntwana uswelekile, uhlanza kakhulu, urhudo, okanye i-pathology emsebenzini we-cardiovascular or excretory system. Masinyane kufuneka uncedo lwezokwelapha. Ixabiso elincinci liyingozi. Ihamba ne-anemia, ukutya okunesondlo, i-leukemia okanye ezinye izifo ze-haematological.
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kumntwana-ESR
Esi sibonakaliso sibonisa izinga lokumiselwa kwee-corpuscles ezibomvu. Kumntwana onempilo (oku kusebenza nakwabantu abadala) kwi-erythrocytes yinto ehlawulekileyo, ngoko bahlaziya. Ekhoyo kwiprotheyini ye-plasma yegazi, umzekelo, i-fibrinogen, ikhuthaza ukuhluthwa kwezibumba ezibomvu. Ezi erythrocytes zihlala ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ziphilile. Ubuninzi beeprotheni bubonisa ukuvuvukala okanye ezinye izifo. Ukubona "ukuphambuka okufanayo kukunceda i-ESR kuvavanyo jikelele lwegazi. Iimiselo zilandelayo (mm / h):
- iintsana - 0,1-2,0;
- Iinyanga ezi-1-12 - 2,0-12,0;
- ukususela kwiminyaka eli-1 nangaphezulu - 2.0-10.0.
Ukuba isibonakaliso singaphantsi kwesiqhelo, oku kubonisa iimeko ezilandelayo:
- i-hepatitis yentsholongwane;
- isifo sohudo;
- ukuhlanza ixesha elide;
- ukungasebenzi.
Ngexabiso elongeziweyo le-ESR emzimbeni womntwana, loo mathambo angenzeka:
- iingxaki kwi-thyroid gland;
- izifo ezithathelwanayo;
- ukungahambi;
- kuphuma;
- ukubonakala kwesakhiwo esibi.
I-Erythrocytes ekuhlolweni kwegazi jikelele
Uphononongo aluyikuphela kuphela umthamo weempawu ezibomvu, kodwa ububanzi bawo (umahluko phakathi kweeseli ezinkulu nakancinane kunazo zonke). Ukuthatha uhlalutyo lwegazi kubantwana malunga nonyaka omnye, qwalasela kwakhona ixesha. Ngoko, ngexesha lokushisa, iintsana zisela amanzi amaninzi, ngenxa yokuba i-anisocytosis inokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, le nto ayibonakali yimeko yesifo. Xa kuhlolwa ugalelo lwegazi - ukucacisa kubantwana, isiqhelo (x10 ukuya kwi-12 iseli nganye ngeyure ye-heme-liquid):
- iintsana - 4,41-6,61;
- Iinyanga ezi-1-12 - 3.61-4,91;
- Iminyaka eyi-1-6 - 3.51-4.51;
- 6-12 ubudala - 3.51-4,71;
- ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12 ubudala - 3,61-5,12.
Ezi zinto zilandelayo zinciphisa umthamo weeseli ezibomvu zegazi zibhekwa njengengozi:
- ukungaphumeleli kokuphuhliswa komnatha wethambo;
- ukukhulelwa kwegazi;
- izifo eziphazamisayo;
- ukutya okuncinci.
Ukuba ukuhlolwa kwegazi ngokupheleleyo kubantwana kubonisa izinga eliphezulu lamaseli ebomvu, oku kungabangelwa zezi zizathu zilandelayo:
- ukungasebenzi kwemiphunga;
- iingxaki emsebenzini weentliziyo;
- utyhefu;
- i-stenosis ye-artery.
Iiplatelets kuvavanyo jikelele lwegazi
Umsebenzi wale seteli kukudala ukuhlanganiswa kweplatelet kunye nomonakalo kwimithambo yegazi kunye nokukhawuleza i-plasma clotting. Uhlalutyo lwekliniki lwegazi lomntwana lunceda ukuqikelela ubunani bexabiso loluphawu. Iimimiselo (x10 kwi-9 degree of cells kwi-heme-liquid l):
- ukususela ekuzaleni ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-6 - 180,5-400,0;
- 6-12 ubudala - 157.0-380.0;
- ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12 ubudala - 157.0-390.0.
Ukuba ukukhula kubonakalisile la maseli ngexesha lokuthelekisa, ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa iingxaki ezilandelayo:
- ukulahleka kwegazi;
- leukemia;
- isifo sofuba;
- izifo ezikhoyo;
- ukungasebenzi kwetyana.
I-Thrombocytopenia ibangelwa ngu:
- usana lwazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi;
- Umntwana une-hemophilia;
- i-anlastic antiemia;
- ne-DIC-syndrome.
I-Hematocrit ekuhlolweni kwegazi jikelele
Esi sibonakaliso esibonisa ipesenteji ze-corpuscles ebomvu kwisixa esipheleleyo se-heme. Iimiselo zokuhlalutya kwegazi kubantwana ziyahlukahluka ngokweminyaka yobudala:
- kwiintsana ezisuka ku-43% ukuya kwi-63%;
- usana ukuya kunyaka - ukusuka kuma-36% ukuya kuma-44%;
- 2-10 iminyaka - ukusuka kwi-37% ukuya kwi-44%.
Isibonakaliso esiphezulu sibangelwa rhoqo ngezizathu ezinjalo:
- ukungasebenzi komsebenzi wokuphefumula;
- isithintelo esiswini;
- utshisa;
- i-leukemia yegazi;
- nzakala.
Ixabiso eliphantsi libonisa ezo ngxaki:
- ukuphuma kwegazi;
- inani elikhulu legazi;
- umxholo weprotheni we-heme liquide yanda.
I-leukocytes ekuhlolweni kwegazi jikelele
Ezi iiseli zithatha inxaxheba ekudalweni kwe-immunity cell and cell. Ukuphumeza ukuhlalutya kwegazi lomntwana - i-lymphocytes, qwa lasela ukuba isiqhelo sichaphazela ngokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka (x10 kwinqanaba elithandathu leeseli kwi-heme-liquid l):
- iintsana - 7.21-18.51;
- Iinyanga ezili-1-12 - 6.15-12,0;
- Iminyaka eyi-1-6 ubudala - 5,1-12,0;
- 6-12 ubudala - 4.4-10.0;
- ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12 ubudala - 4,3-9,5.
Ukwanda kwesikhombisi kubonisa ezo ngxaki:
- ukuhluleka kwenkqubo ye-endocrine;
- izifo ezithathelwanayo;
- ukuphuma kwangaphakathi;
- izifo eziphazamisayo;
- ukungahambi.
Ixabiso elinciphileyo lishukunyiswa yizinto ezinjalo:
- ulwasulelo lwebhaktheriya;
- umnatha weethambo;
- ukunqongophala kwe-zinc, i-selenium, iodode emzimbeni.
Uluphi umqondiso wombala ekuhlolweni kwegazi?
"Ukubalwa" kuphela ukuba isifundo senziwe ngesandla. I-index index yegazi yixabiso elibonisa okuqukethwe kwe-hemoglobin kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi:
- I-hypochromia - i-hemoglobin ngokungekho nanye;
- normochromia - ixabiso lesalathisi lifanelekileyo;
- hyperchromia - saturation excessive nge hemoglobin.
Uvavanyo jikelele lwegazi - oluqhelekileyo kubantwana
Emva kokufumana iziphumo, udokotela wezingane uvavanya imeko yentsana, ixabiso elithelekiswayo ngokulinganayo. Ukwenza oku, unesibhalo sokuhlolwa kwegazi kubantwana-itafile. Kuyo, izikhombisi zicaciswe ngokuqwalasela oku kulandelayo:
- ubudala;
- mgangatho.