Ingcamango kaDarwin - ubungqina kunye nokuchasana kwengcamango yemvelaphi yomntu

Ngowe-1859 umsebenzi weNgqungquthela wemvelo waseCharles Darwin washicilelwa-Umthombo weeNdawo. Ukususela ngoko, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibe yinto ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imithetho yokuphuhliswa kwehlabathi. Ufundiswa ezikolweni kwiiklasi ze-biology, kwaye ezinye iicawa ziye zaziqonda ukuba zifanelekile.

Iyintoni inkolelo kaDarwin?

Ingcamango kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yimbono yokuba zonke izinto eziphilayo zivela kwikhokho oqhelekileyo. Ugxininisa imvelaphi yemvelo yobomi kunye noshintsho. Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zivela kwizinto ezilula, oku kuthatha ixesha. Kwi-idilesi yezofuzo zezinto eziphilayo zinguqu zenzeke, ezi ncedayo zihlala, zinceda zisinde. Emva kwexesha, baqokelela, kwaye umphumo luhlobo oluthile, kungekhona nje ukutshintsha kweyayimvelaphi, kodwa kutsha.

Iingqinisiso ezisisiseko zeengcamango zikaDarwin

Ingcamango kaDarwin yemvelaphi yomntu ibandakanywa ekuveliseni jikelele ukuveliswa kwemvelo. UDarwin wayekholelwa ukuba uHomo Sapiens uvela kwindawo engaphantsi yobomi kwaye unoyise oqhelekileyo eneenkomo. Imithetho efanayo yayikhokelela ekubonakaleni kwayo, ngenxa yezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Ingcamango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isekelwe kwimigaqo elandelayo:

1. Ukuqheliswa . Iindidi zabantu zihlala zizinzile, kuba inxalenye encinci yenkwenkwelo iphila kwaye iphindaphinda.
2. Umzabalazo wokusinda . Abantwana besizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka bancintisane ukuze baphile.
3. U lungiso . Ulungelelwaniso luhlobo oluzuze ilifa olwandisa amathuba okuphila kunye nokuvelisa kwindawo ethile.
4. Ukhetho lwendalo . Imeko "ikhetha" izinto eziphilayo ezinempawu ezifanelekileyo. Inzala izuza ilifa elifanelekileyo, kwaye iilwanyana ziphuculwe kwindawo ethile.
5. Udidi . Kwizizukulwana, ukuguqulwa kwamancedo kuye kwanda ngokunyuka, kwaye ezimbi zinyamalale. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, utshintsho oluthile lukhulu kangangokuba umphumo lubukeka obutsha.

Ingcamango kaDarwin iyinyaniso okanye inyaniso?

Ingcamango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin - umxholo weengxabano ezininzi ngeenkulungwane ezininzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazinzulu ziyakwazi ukuxelela ukuba imikhomo yasendulo yayinjani, kodwa kwenye - ayinalo ubungqina bezinto ezimbi. Ama-Creationists (abalandeli bomvelaphi ovela kuThixo wehlabathi) baqonda oku njengobungqina bokuba akukho mvelaphi. Bahlekisa ngcamango yokuba bekukho i-whale yomhlaba.

Ubungqina bombono kaDarwin

Ukuvuyisa kwababhali baseDarwin, ngo-1994 i-paleontologists bafumana i-fossil ihlala i-ambulocetus, i-whale yokuhamba. I-Webbed forelegs yamnceda ukuba ahambe ngaphesheya, kwaye umva onamandla nangomsila - uguqa ngokukhawuleza. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindidi ezithengiswayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izixhumanisi ezingekhoyo", zifunyenwe. Ngaloo ndlela, ingqungquthela kaCharles Darwin yemvelaphi yendoda yaqinisekiswa ngokufunyanwa kweentsikelelo zePithecanthropus, iintlobo eziphakathi phakathi kweesilwanyana kunye nendoda. Ngaphandle kwe-paleontological kukho ezinye izibonakaliso zembono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo:

1. I-Morphological - ngokwemfundiso yeDarwinian, imvelo nganye entsha ayidalwe yendalo ukususela ekuqaleni, yonke into iphuma kwintsimi efana. Ngokomzekelo, isakhiwo esifanayo seenyawo ezinamaphiko kunye namaphiko ahlambulukanga asichazwa ngokubhekiselele kwintsebenzo, mhlawumbi ayifumene kwi-ukhokho oqhelekileyo. Omnye unokubandakanya izitho ezinamacala amahlanu, isakhiwo somlomo esifanayo kwiinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo, izibhengezo, ama-rudiments (amalungu alahlekelwe yintengo kwinkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo).
2. Iimbryological - zonke iintsholongwane zineendlela ezifanayo kwimibusi. Ubuntwana bomntu, oye wahlala esibelethweni inyanga enye, uneesanti zokugaya. Oku kubonisa ukuba ookhokho babengabemi basekuhlaleni.
3. I-molecular-genetic and biochemical - ubunye obomi kwinqanaba le-biochemistry. Ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo azizange zivela kwikhokho oyedwa, zaziza kuba nezo-genetic code, kodwa i-DNA yazo zonke izidalwa iqukethe ii-nucleotides ezine, kwaye zingaphaya kwe-100 kwindalo.

Ukuphikiswa kwengcamango kaDarwin

Ingcamango kaDarwin ayinakwenzeka - kuphela le ngongoma yaneleyo kubagxeki ukubuza yonke into esebenzayo. Akukho mntu wambonayo ukuguquguquka okukhulu - andizange ndibonwe iindidi enye ibe yinto enye. Kwaye, nokuba yintoni enye i-monkey isele ibe yinto yomntu? Lo mbuzo ubuzwa ngabo bonke abangathandabuziyo iingxoxo zikaDarwin.

Amaqiniso aphikisa imfundiso kaDarwin:

1. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba iplanethi yoMhlaba i malunga ne-20 ukuya kweyamawaka ubudala. Oku kusandul 'ukutshiwo ngabantu abaninzi be-geologists bafunda ubuninzi bomhlaba onotywala emhlabeni wethu, ubudala bemilambo neentaba. Inguqulelo kaDarwin yathatha iibhiliyoni zeminyaka.
2. Umntu unama-chromosomes angama-46, kwaye i-monkey ine-48. Oku akuhambisani nombono wokuthi indoda kunye neesilwanyana zinomnye okhokho. Ngenxa yokuba "ilahlekile" i-chromosomes endleleni esuka kwidonki, iintlobo zazingeke ziguquke zibe ngqiqo. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo yeminyaka, akukho nhlanzi enye engazange ifike, kwaye akukho monkey inye yaba ngumntu.
3. Ubuhle bemvelo, apho, umzekelo, abachasene noDarwin babonisa umsila we-peacock, akukho nto enokuyenza ngayo. Kuza kuba nokuziphendukela kwemvelo-ihlabathi liza kuhlala lihlala zizilwanyana.

Imfundiso kaDarwin kunye nesayensi yanamhlanje

Ingcamango kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yavela xa izazinzulu zazingayazi nantoni malunga namajethi. UDarwin wabona indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa wayengazi malunga nendlela. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-genetics yaqala ukuphuhlisa-ivula i-chromosomes kunye namajethi, kamva ihlaziya i-molecule ye-DNA. Kwezinye izazinzululwazi, ingcamango kaDarwin ingavunyelwanga - isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo senziwa nzima, kwaye inani lama-chromosomes kubantu kunye neenkwenkwe lihlukile.

Kodwa abalandeli beDarwinism bathi uDarwin akazange athethe ukuba indoda ivela kwidonki - inomnye okhokho. Ukufunyanwa kweengqungquthela zamaDarwin kwabakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweengcamango zokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ukubandakanywa kwemfuza kwi-theory yeDarwin). Ukutshintsha kwenyama kunye nokuziphatha okwenza ukhetho lwendalo luyenzeka kwenzeka kwinqanaba le-DNA kunye namajethi. Olu tshintsho lubizwa ngokuba yiinguqulelo. Utshintshiselwano yizinto eziqingqiweyo apho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusebenza.

Imfundiso kaDarwin - inyaniso enomdla

Inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwelikaCharles Darwin ngumsebenzi wendoda eyathi, ngenxa yokushiya ugqirha logqirha ngenxa yokwesaba igazi , yaya kufunda i-theology. Amaqiniso ambalwa amnandi:

1. Ibinzana elithi "unamandla kunamandla okusindayo" lingeDarwin-Herbert Spencer owayephila njengamanje.
2. UCharles Darwin akazange afunde kuphela iintlobo zezilwanyana eziqhelekileyo, kodwa nazo zidla nabo.
3. Icawa yase-Anglican yaxolisa ngokusemthethweni kumbhali wenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nangona iminyaka engama-126 emva kokufa kwakhe.

Imfundiso kaDarwin kunye nobuKristu

Ekubonweni kokuqala, intsingiselo kaDarwin yombono ophikisana nomhlaba wonke. Ngesinye ixesha, indawo yonqulo yayithatha iingcamango ezintsha. UDarwin yena ngokwakhe kwintsebenzo yomsebenzi wayeka ukuba ngumkholi. Kodwa ngoku abameli abaninzi bebuKristu baye bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba kunokuxolelana kwangempela - kukho abo baneenkolelo zonqulo kwaye abavumelani nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Iicawa zamaKatolika kunye neAnglican zenza imfundiso kaDarwin, ichaza ukuba uThixo njengomdali wanikela amandla ekuqalekeni kobomi, kwaye yenziwa ngendlela engokwemvelo. Iphiko le-Orthodox lisazange lithandeke kumaDarwin.