Igama elithi "uphemism" lithetha ukungahambelani kwamanye amazwe okutshintshela igama elingenakulungileyo ukwenzela ukuba isicatshulwa sibe sesicaciso okanye sigqubuthe. Abezopolitiko, abahlali kunye nabathengisi bazama ukutshintsha indawo leyo, basebenzise isicatshulwa kwisicatshulwa esithandana nabo. Indlela yokufunda lobu bugcisa kwaye ukhangele ngokufanelekileyo ezo ngqamaniso?
Yintoni "u-euphemism"?
U-Euphemism igama elingathathi hlangothi okanye inkcazo esetyenziselwa ukubeka endaweni engafanelekanga okanye engafanelekanga. Ixesha lafika kuthi kwiintetho zeGrisi yamandulo, kwaye ekuguquleleni kuthetha "intetho enhle". Ifowuni yesalathisi isetyenziswa:
- kwintsimi yezopolitiko, ukudukisa okanye ukusebenzisa iinyaniso;
- kwizixhobo eziprintiweyo ukufaka iziqalekiso okanye amagama angcolileyo ukusuka kummandla osondeleyo.
Imfuneko yeziganeko ezinjalo zenyuka kwixesha leelwimi zolwimi, xa kwakunqatshelwe ukubiza amagama oothixo okanye izifo eziyingozi, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo zendalo. Kamva, ngexesha lobuKristu, igama elithi "ukungcola" lithathe indawo yokukhumbula uMtyholi. Indima yeempompo zakhula kakhulu kwisijikelezo sabantu abahloniphekileyo, xa imithetho ye-etiquette ifuna iingxelo ezifanelekileyo. Ngamaxesha anamhlanje, ezo ngqamaniso zembhalo zibeka ngokuthe ngileyo amagama angcolileyo kunye neqabane.
Imisebenzi yeefommisms
Ukusetyenziswa kweefommisms kuchazwe ngumnqweno wokuphepha iingxabano, ukungaqondani, ukugcinwa kwetekisi yokuthetha , ukuzama ukudala imeko enokuzilungelelanisa. Imisebenzi ephambili yale fowuni ye-stylistic:
- Chaza intshukumo okanye into ephosakeleyo, ingabi yinto ekhuselayo: "nzima ukuva" endaweni yesithulu ".
- Ukuqukumbela okwenyaniso, intsingiselo yelizwi: "isikhungo" esikhundleni se "ntolongo", "ikhethekileyo" - "inetyala".
- Ukufihla ebantwini ngokubanzi intsingiselo yenyani yesicatshulwa: "umsebenzi ohlawulelwayo kakhulu kumantombazana ngaphandle kweengxaki" - "ubuhenyu".
Imiba yokusetyenziswa kweempompo
Ama-Euphmisms athuthuke ngokwembali kwaye aqhubeke nokuxhaswa, anokuhlaliswa ngamaqela amabini:
- Rhoqo . Kukho iminyaka emininzi.
- Ngazinzi . Isetyenziswe kwimeko ethile xa kufakwa amagama.
Amagama-ama-breaths asetyenziswa kuzo zonke iindidi ukutshintsha umthwalo wemvakalelo kunye nesisenanti yokuthetha okanye itekisi. Kwimigangatho yabanye bayifaka indawo yeenkcazo:
- iinkqubo zomzimba: "ukugula kwesibhinqa" - ukuya esikhathini;
- iinxalenye ze-trunk, ezinxulumene nenxalenye engezantsi, zezitho zomzimba;
- ubudlelwane phakathi kwendoda nomfazi .
Kwintlalo yoluntu, i-euphemism ithandwa kakhulu, isetyenziselwa ukufihla inyaniso:
- iingxoxo zezopolitiko;
- ukunyanzelwa ngabasemagunyeni okanye izigqeba ezijeziso;
- ukuphuhlisa impi kunye neemfihlelo;
- umsebenzi wolawulo lwezomthetho;
- ubudlelwane phakathi koluntu;
Iifom kwiimidiya
Imisebenzi yeempompo kwiimidiya zihlala zifana, zisetyenziselwa ukuqulunqwa okuhambelanayo:
- Umsebenzi wamagosa karhulumente: "amagunya anegunya" - "iinkonzo zedolophu";
- Inkcazo yempi yempi: "ukucocwa kwintsimi" - "intshabalalo";
- Ukunikezelwa kwezicwangciso zezoqoqosho: "ipiramidi yezemali" - "imali yokungcola";
- Ukwahlula kwamaqela okanye amaqela oluntu: "umntu ongenalo indawo yokuhlala yokuhlala" - "abangenamakhaya", "ase-Afrika-America" - "Negro".
- Amagama amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle: "umhlaba we-unipolar" "ulawule iMelika."
I-Euphmisms kwi-Intanethi yoNxibelelwano
Ama-Euphmisms kwiintetho zanesiRashiya zanamuhla zenziwa ngokuqwalasela ubuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nemigqaliselo, inkqubo yokutshintshwa kwayo yinto enye ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yoluntu yokuthetha. Imfuno yezikhundla ezintsha zivela ngezizathu ezintathu:
- nkcubeko;
- yokuziphatha;
- yengqondo.
Ekubeni kuzo zonke izithuba zengxoxo kunye neenkundla zeentetho ezingcolileyo, inqatshelwe, ukutshutshisa okutshintshwayo kukutshintshwa ngamagama anjengobhaliweyo okanye igama "elihloniphekileyo". Kuyafana nokuchazwa kweentengiso zesini okanye iimpahla zentsapho. Abaqokeleli basebenzise iziganeko zabo, baqondakala kuphela kubo, ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekisela kwiintengiso zentengiso ezingekho mthethweni okanye ezisemthethweni, apho izinto okanye izinto zobugcisa zithengiswa.
Ama-Euphmisms kwiintengiso
Esebenzisa kakhulu uphemism kwintengiso, abantu be-PR bazama ukuphepha amagqabantshe abakhubekisayo okanye ahlukanise umthengi. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwi-PR yamachiza kunye nezimonyo, apho kuyimfuneko ukuchaza onke amanqaku afanelekileyo kwifom efihlakeleyo: "isilungiso sohudo" - "uncedo ngorhudo." Iimpawu zendabuko zale ngqungquthela kwizicatshulwa zokuthengisa:
- Ukunciphisa amagama angabonakala engcolileyo, awonakalise inzuzo okanye umfanekiso wombutho: "izinto ezilungileyo kakhulu zesini" - "ukunceda ekwenzeni uthando."
- Ukuqedwa kwamashishini: "Imveliso yethu ephumelelayo, ngokungafaniyo nomnye."
- Ukugwema isihloko seminyaka yobudala, ngakumbi ekuchazeni impahla yabasetyhini: "ukhilimu wabasetyhini obudala" - "indlela efanelekileyo yokuvuselela."
Ukuchaneka kwezombusazwe
Ukuchaneka kwezopolitiko kudinga ukuphepha amazwi aphazamisa iimvakalelo kunye nesithunzi sabantu, ngoko ubugcisa bobugqwetha kwizombusazwe buhlonishwa kwizinga eliphezulu. Ukulungelelaniswa kwezopolitiko ngamazwi ngamagama:
- ukunciphisa ubandlululo ngaminyaka yobudala: "indoda endala" - "indoda ekhulile";
- kungabandakanyi ibhaso kubantu abakhubazekileyo okanye abaphelelwe yintliziyo : "ukhubazekile, ukhubazekile" - "umntu onemfuno ezizodwa";
- ukufihla isimo sengqondo sokungcola kubantu abangenazo izikhundla ezihloniphekileyo: "umqhubi womatshini wokukhwela" - "milkmaid";
- ukuphazamiseka kwimicimbi engathandekiyo kwezoqoqosho: "amanyathelo angathandekiyo" - "ukwanda kweerhafu."
Uphemism wezesondo
Kuthetha ukuthini i-euphemism kwiingcinga eziphathelele kwisini? Lawa magama atshintshe amabinzana angcolileyo kwintetho kwiindawo zoluntu: "ipeni", "isondo", "i-orgasm". Ukutshintshela okunjalo kuyathandwa kakhulu kwiintanethi zentlalo, xa amazwana abhalwe ngokubanzi, kwaye phakathi kweendwendwe apho kunokuba nabantwana. Iingcamango ze-euphemism zivumela ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango-ukulandelela kwezinye iilwimi, abasandul 'i-bloggers baqalisa ukusebenzisa "abathinteli", abathandwa ngabantu baseYurophu. Ezizona ziqhelekileyo zazo zi:
- EmaSpanish igama elithi "shiya ukhulelwe" lithatha indawo "ukuphosa iplasela". "Ipenisi enobuchule" bayibita "iqela likaDracula."
- AmaFrentshi athi "Ndifuna ukulala" ichazwa ngokuba "i-muss iyakhonkcoza," kodwa malunga nenkosikazi enesifuba saggy ithi "waqala ukunikela utshintsho".
- Ibhinqa laseJapan elinobuso obubi, kodwa umntu obalaseleyo obizwa ngokuthi "baku-hsiang" - "umva omhle."