Yintoni engcono - ukuba ibe yimigangatho kwimigwebo okanye ukuhlala ngentando yeninzi kwaye uzama ukuqonda nokwamkela umbono womnye umntu? Ngamnye wethu ukhetha yena ngokwakhe, yintoni esondele. Kukho amaninzi ajikelezayo abonisa isikhundla somntu. Ziyintoni i-nihilism, kwaye yintoni imigaqo ye-nihilism - siyakucebisa ukuba siyiqonde.
Nihilism - yintoni na?
Zonke izichazi zithetha ukuba i-nihilism yinkcubeko yehlabathi eyenza ukungathandabuzeki kwiimigaqo-nkqubo eyamkelekileyo, imimiselo yokuziphatha kunye nexabiso. Omnye unokufumanisa inkcazo yokunyaniseka, ukunyanzeliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezenzo zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha kunye nengqondo. Kuyacaca ukuba inkcazo yeli gama kunye nokubonakaliswa kwayo kwixesha elifaniyo yahluke kwaye ixhomekeke kwixesha lenkcubeko nelizembali.
Kubalulekile ukuthetha nge-nihilism kunye nemiphumo yayo. Ehlabathini lanamhlanje, ngokuqhelekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuva iingxoxo malunga nokuba ngaba ikhosi inikwe isifo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, unyango lokugula. Ifilosofi yabaxhasayo balo mkhwa uyaleka ixabiso elinjalo:
- imilinganiselo yokuziphatha;
- uthando;
- uhlobo;
- ubugcisa.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha komntu kusekelwe kwezi ngcamango ezisisiseko. Wonke umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba kwihlabathi kukho ixabiso, ukungahoyikanga okungenakwenzeka. Phakathi kwabo - uthando lobomi, kubantu, umnqweno wokuzonwabisa novuyo oluhle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imiphumo yokukhanyela okunjalo ingaba yinkxaso kubaxhasi balolu hlobo. Njengoko ukhetho, emva kwexesha umntu uyaziqonda ukungalunganga kwezahlulelo zakhe kwaye wenqaba ukwamukela i-nihilism.
Ngubani ongu-nihilist?
Ngaphantsi kwe-nihilism ukuqonda indawo ebalulekileyo yokukhanyela. I-nihilist ngumntu ochasa imigaqo kunye nemilinganiselo eyamkelwe kuluntu. Ukongezelela, abantu abanjalo ababoni ukuba kuyimfuneko ukukhothamela phambi kwamagunya kunye nantoni na kwaye bakukholelwa kuye ngokubanzi. Ngaphezu koko, kubo, nokuba negunya lomthombo alinandaba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba le ngcamango yabonakala kuqala kuMinyaka Ephakathi, xa kwakukho ukuphika ubukho kunye nokholo kuKristu. Emva kwexesha, iintlobo ezintsha ze-nihilism zavela.
I-Nihilism - i-pros and cons
Iingcamango ze-nihilism njengokwenqatshwa kwexesha langoku libonisa isimo sengqondo esichaphazelekayo kwisifundo esithile kwiimpawu ezithile, imibono, imigangatho, iinjongo. Yindlela yokuvakalelwa kwehlabathi kunye nokuziphatha okuthile kwentlalo. Njengendlela yokucinga ngengqondo, i-nihilism yavela kudlulileyo, kodwa yafumana udumo kwikhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo kumazwe aseNtshona Yurophu naseRashiya. Emva koko wadibana namagama kaJacob, uProudhon, uNietzsche, Stirner, Bakunin, Kropotkin. Le ngcamango ineziphumo kunye neengxaki zayo. Phakathi kweenzuzo ze-nihilism:
- Ikhono lomntu ukubonisa umntu ngokwakhe .
- Amandla omntu ukuba azivakalise ngokwakhe, ukukhusela uluvo lwakhe.
- Ukukhangela kunye nokufumaneka kwamatsha amatsha.
Nangona kunjalo, baninzi abachasi be-nihilism. Babiza ezi ziphoso zilandelayo:
- Ukwahlula kwizigwebo, ukuzisa ingozi kwi-nihilist ngokwakhe.
- Ukungakwazi ukuhamba ngaphaya kwemibono yakho.
- Ukungaboni kakuhle ngabanye.
Iintlobo ze-Nihilism
Ingcamango enjengokuthi i-nihilism kwintlalo yanamhlanje iyahlula kwiintlobo ezininzi, ezi ziphambili:
- I-Mereologichesky yindawo ecacileyo kwifilosofi, eqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezinamalungu azikho.
- I-Metaphysical - inkolelo yefilosofi, ethi ukukholiswa kwezinto ngokwenene akuvumelekanga.
- I-epistemological - ukukhanyela ulwazi.
- Imilinganiselo yimiqathango yeemetethikiti ukuba akukho nto inokuziphatha okubi okanye ukuziphatha.
- Ukukhanyela ngokusemthethweni okanye ukunyanyeka kwemisebenzi yomntu kunye nemimiselo nemigangatho eyenziwe nguRhulumente.
- Inkolo - ukuphika kunye nangamanye amaxesha ukuvukela inkolo.
- Ukungafuni, ukungaqondi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemigaqo yoluntu.
Umthetho wezoMthetho
Ngokuqinisekiswa kwezomthetho kuqondwa ukuba ukuphika umthetho njengoluhlobo lwentlalo yoluntu, kwakunye neenkqubo zemigaqo yokuziphatha ezilawula ngempumelelo ulwalamano lwabantu. Lo myalelo wezomthetho uqukumbela kwimithetho, ekhokelela kwizenzo ezingekho mthethweni, iziganeko kunye nokuvinjelwa kweenkqubo zomthetho. Izizathu ze-nihilism zomthetho zinokuthi:
- Imithetho ayihlangabezani neminqweno yabemi.
- Iingcambu zomlando.
- Iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zesayensi.
Ukuziphatha kobugcisa
Uncwadi lwezenzululwazi luchaza ukuba yiyiphi indlela ebonisa ngayo kunye neentlobo zayo. Ukuziphatha kobuhle yindlela yokuziphatha, ngokungabikho nto inokuziphatha okubi okanye ukuziphatha. Umxhasi wolu hlobo lwe-nihilism uthatha ukuba ukubulala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba izizathu kunye neemeko, akunakubizwa ngokuba yizinto ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha isondele ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha, ekuqapheliseni iinkcazo ezinokwenzeka ukuba zinyani kunye nokunyaniseka, kodwa ayivumeli inyaniso yabo inyaniso.
Intsha yolutsha
Yaziwa malunga nomxholo we-nihilism kunye nesizukulwana esincinane. Ngokuqhelekileyo ebuntwaneni, abantwana bafuna ukuziqonda kakuhle kwaye bakhethe indlela yabo yobomi . Nangona kunjalo, akuqhelekanga ukuba intombazana iphike kakhulu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-nihilism yolutsha. Ukunyaniseka kwentsha, njengobuncinci bobuncinci, bukhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuhambisane nemvakalelo ecacileyo ukunyanzelwa kwezinto. Olu hlobo lwe-nihilism lungaba yinto nje kuphela kubafikayo kunye namakhwenkwe, kodwa nakwabantu abavakalelwa kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo kwaye bazibonakalisa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo:
- kunqulo;
- kwi nkcubeko;
- ebomini;
- ngolwazi;
- kumalungelo.
I-Mereological Nihilism
Enye yezona ntlobo eziqhelekileyo zengcamango enjenge-nihilism kwixesha lethu i-Molecular one. Ngaphantsi kwalo kwamkelwa ukuba kuqondwe indawo ethile yefilosofi ngokubhekiselele kuyo izinto ezibandakanyekayo ezingekho, kodwa kukho izinto ezizodwa ezingabandakanywa kwiindawo. Umzekelo ihlathi. I-nihilist iqinisekile ukuba ngokwenene akakho njengento ehlukile. Yisethi sezityalo kwisithuba esinqamlekileyo. Inqobo yeso "hlathini" yenziwe ukuze kuququzelelwe ukucinga kunye noqhagamshelwano.
Geographic Nihilism
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-nihilism. Phakathi kwabo - indawo. Kuqulethwe ukukhanyela nokungaqondi kakuhle ukusetyenziswa okungahambelaniyo:
- zikhokelo;
- iimpawu zeendawo zehlabathi;
- ukutshintshwa kwezikhokelo zendawo;
- iinxalenye zehlabathi ngokuzikhohlisa.
Olu hlobo lwe-nihilism yinto entsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubizwa ngokungalunganga, besithi ukuba uyayiphika ingqalelo kwimimiselo yendalo kwaye uzama ukuqhawula uluntu kwilizwe lezinto eziphathekayo, unokuza kwiinjongo. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kungonakaliseki ukuba ukuba uyayinakuyinyamekela imeko yendalo, oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni ungayithatyathwa phantsi kwezi meko. Ukunikezelwa ngempembelelo yabo, umntu makabone ukuba kumanyathelo ahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa okufanayo kwimiqathango yemvelo kunokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo kunengqalelo eyahlukileyo.
I-epistemological nihilism
Ngokwe-epistemological nihilism kuqondwa uhlobo oluthile lokungabaza, oluqinisekisa ukungathandabuzeki kokufumana ulwazi. Kwavela njengendlela yokusabela kwinjongo efanelekileyo kunye neyendalo yonke yeengcinga zakudala zesiGrike. I-sophists yabokuqala ukuxhasa ukungaqiniseki. Emva kwesikhashana, isikolo samkhanyela ukuba kungenzeka ukuqonda kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki ye-nihilism, equka ukungabikho kwabaxhasi bayo ukufumana ulwazi olufunekayo, kucacile.
I nkcubeko
I-modernism ye-nihilism yamhlanje iyinkcubeko. Ibonakalisa ekukhanyekeni kwezithethe zenkcubeko kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Emuva kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60, kwavela inxaxheba enamandla yokunyuka kwezilwanyana eNtshona. Emva koko yaxhomekeka kwimibono kaRousseau, i-Nietzsche noFreud. Ulwahlulo lwendalo luphikisiwe ngokupheleleyo yonke impucuko yeNtshona kunye nenkcubeko ye-bourgeois. Ukugxekwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwakujoliswe ekukhohliseni ubuxhakaxhaka bemibutho yoluntu kunye nenkcubeko yenkcubeko. Abaxhasi beli khokelo beqinisekile ukuba kuphela i-vanguard ifanele igcinwe kwaye iphuhliswe.
Unqulo lwezandla
Kuyinyaniso ukuba i-nihilism yinto ekhoyo namhlanje. Enye yeentlobo zayo ezidumileyo yiyobuhlobo benkolo. Ngalesi sihlandlo kuyisiko ukuqonda ukuvukela kwenkolo ngokubhekiselele kumntu onobuntu, ukuphika kunye nokuziphatha okubi kwizinto zokomoya ezingundoqo kuluntu. Ukugxeka inkolo kunokwakhe, kubonakaliswe ngokomoya, isimo sengqondo esichukumisayo ebomini ngokwawo. Ngaphandle kokunyaniseka, i-nihilist ingabizwa ngumsikijisi, ongenanto engcwele. Umntu onjalo unokunyelisa inkolo ngenxa yeenjongo zakhe zobugovu.
Ukuhlalisana kwezentlalo
Ukuhlalisana kwezenhlalakahle yindlela ebonakalisa ngayo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo:
- Ukungaphumeleli kwamacandelo athile oluntu ukuba athathe ikhosi ekhoyo yokuguqula.
- Ukungaphumeleli kwindlela entsha yobomi kunye neempawu ezintsha.
- Ukunganeliseki ngezinto ezintsha, utshintsho.
- Iingqungquthela zentlalo ngokuchasa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulwa nokuguqulwa.
- Ukungavumelani nezigqibo ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko.
- Andiyithandi (ngamanye amaxesha inzondo) ngokumalunga namaziko karhulumente.
- Ukulahlwa kweendlela zokuziphatha zaseNtshona.