Umbuzo wamaphi ama-hormone, angena phambi komntu kuphela emva kokungabikho okanye ukungabikho kwezi zinto ezichaphazelayo kuya kubakho kwimiphumo emibi yempilo. Ngaphambi koko, bambalwa abantu bacinga malunga nale miqhamo, ekhona emzimbeni ngamanani amaninzi, kodwa edlala indima enkulu.
Ziyiphi i-hormones kwaye yintoni eyakhelwe kuyo?
Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi i-hormone ebantwini, kufuneka ukwazi intsingiselo yabo kunye nokwahlula. Ezi ziimveliso zendalo ezikhutshweyo eziveliswa ngexabiso elincinci kakhulu, kodwa oku kwaneleyo kwimpumelelo efunwayo. Izinto ezingapheli ixesha elide, zilawulwa yinkqubo yenzwa kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisebenzayo, eziyimfuneko, ukukhuthaza okanye ukunciphisa imveliso yazo.
Inani elincinci lamahomoni liveliswa kwizitho ezizodwa - iingqungquthela zokhuseleko lwangaphakathi okanye oluxubekileyo. Nonke le nkqubo yinkqubo. Ukongeza, ama-hormone akhiqizwa sisibindi, izintso, i-placenta, i-GIT, iiseli ezinamafutha. Iintyatyambo zeHormonal:
- i-thyroid gland, i- parathyroid gland , i-adrenal gland, i-pituitary gland, i-epiphysis, i-hypothalamus, i-thymus (thymus gland) - ukuvalwa kwangaphakathi;
- i-pancreas , i-gonads (iimvavanyo, ii-ovari) -i-secretion edibeneyo.
Ziziphi i-hormones - iintlobo zeendlela zamakhemikhali:
- iziphumo ze-amino acids (adrenaline, norepinephrine);
- iziphumo ze-polyunsaturated fatty acids (i-prostaglandins);
- iip peptides (i- insulin , i-hormone yokukhula);
- steroids (cortisol).
Ziziphi i-hormones, zisebenza njani?
I-secretion yenzelwe ukulawula iinkqubo zomzimba - inokuthelekiswa nezitshixo ezihamba kwinkqubo yokujikeleza kwaye "vula iingcango" - sebenzisa imisebenzi. Nguwuphi umsebenzi osebenzayo kule ndlela okanye ngaloo ndlela kuxhomekeke ku "buchule" kunye nesixa sempahla. Ngaphandle kwesizathu ngegama lesiGrike elithi "hormone" lihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukunyusa" okanye "ukuvuya".
Yiyiphi imiphumo yehommoni:
- ukubonelela ngemali emzimbeni;
- ukuqinisa okanye ukuvimbela nayiphi na imisebenzi yomzimba - umzekelo, ukukhuseleka, ukukhula kwemizimba kunye namathambo;
- ukulawula nokulawulwa kweenkqubo - umzekelo, ukuguga umzimba, ukuguga, inkqubo yokukhulelwa nokuzala;
- impembelelo kwimvelaphi yeemvakalelo;
- Ukulungiswa komzimba kwiimeko ezingavamile - ukukhulelwa, ukukhulelwa;
- umgaqo wesifiso sesondo, isondlo;
- ukuvuselela okanye ukunciphisa ukufa kweseli.
Ukuphuhliswa kwama-hormone kuthinteke kakhulu kwiintlobo zangaphandle neengaphakathi:
- imeko yengqondo;
- impilo yomzimba;
- iimvumi ezivelisa ihomoni;
- izilonda zesistim se-nervous central;
- ukugqithisa okanye ukungabi namandla;
- imeko yendalo;
- imeko zemozulu;
- uxinzelelo;
- ubudala;
- imikhwa emibi - ukutshaya, ukusela utywala, iziyobisi;
- abafazi - umjikelezo wenyanga, ukukhulelwa, ukuyeka umyeni, ixesha lokuhamba emva.
IiHormoni zeengqungquthela ze-adrenal
Iingqungquthela ze-adrenal ziyi-glands eziphezu kweentso. Ingqondo yengqondo, ephakathi kweengqungquthela ze-adrenal, ivelisa i-hormone yokuxinwa - i-adrenaline ne-norepinephrin. Umsebenzi wabo ukwandisa inani leentliziyo, ukwandisa uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukwandisa imetabolism. I-correnx ye-adrenal ivelisa amaqela amaninzi ezinto ezinoxanduva kwiindawo ezininzi:
- i-mineralocorticoids - yodwa imfihlelo yale iqela engena kwinkqubo ye-circulatory-aldosterone - ilawula ukulinganiswa kwetyuwa yamanzi;
- i-glucocorticoids - lawula iinkqubo zokuxilisa, ukugqithisa kwazo kubangela ukukhuluphala, ukuphuhliswa kwesifo sikashukela, izilonda zesisu;
- i-androgens kunye ne- estrogens- enoxanduva lokukhulelwa, ukulungiselela ukukhulelwa nokubeleka kwabasetyhini, ukubunjwa kwe-spermatozoa kumadoda.
IHormones yePituitary
I-pituitary gland yintsimbi encinci, ikhumbuza inyosi. Ziziphi i-hormone ze-pituitary zizinto ezisebenzayo eziveliswa yi-lobe yangasemva okanye yangaphambili ye-gland, ejongene nemininzi yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba ngokulawulwa komsebenzi wezinye iintlobo ze-endocrine. I-post lobe ye-pituitary gland secrete oxytocin, ejongene nokuqhekeka kwesibeleko ngexesha lokubambisa, ukuvelisa ubisi kunye ne-vasopressin, ukulawula i-diuresis.
I-hormone ye-pituitary (i-lobe yangaphakathi) ye-somatotropin ithinta ukukhula kwamathambo, izihlunu kunye nezitho. I-hormone ye-melanostimulation-enoxanduva lokukhupha i-pigmentation, i-metabolism, i-lactation. Ukongeza, i-pituitary gland i-secrete ye-secrete yezinto eziphathekayo:
- ukuvuselela i-adrenal, i-thyroid kunye neentlobano zesini;
- ibhalansi yamanzi;
- ukuthunyelwa kweethambo kunye neendawo zazo.
IiHormones ze hypothalamus
I-Hypothalamus yinkxalabo ephakathi kwenkqubo ye-endocrine ephantsi kwengqondo. IiHormones ze hypothalamus zinempembelelo ngqo kwi-pituitary: iimimiselo zinciphisa umsebenzi wazo, i-liberins - iqinisa. Ngenxa yoko, ezi mfihlelo zichaphazela i-thyroid gland, i-adrenal gland, i-glands. Ukongeza, i-hypothalamus ivelisa i-hormone i-oxytocin kunye ne-vasopressin. Isenzo samanye amahomoni we hypothalamus asicaci.
IiHormone zeepancreas
I-pancreas iyilungu le-secretion elixubekileyo, elikwindawo ye-retroperitoneal. Ukongeza kwi-secretion, i-pancreas ifihla i-enzyme yokutya, okuyimfuneko yokuphuka kokutya esiswini. Iimodmoni eziphambili ze-pancreas:
- i-insulin - ilawula izinga le-glucose, ukulawula iinkqubo zokwahlukana nokusabalaliswa kwayo phakathi kwamathishu kunye nezitho, ukungabi nenyama ye-hormone kungabangela isifo sikashukela;
- c-peptide - ithatha inxaxheba kwi-carbohydrates metabolism, ukuba le hormone ayinakho, isifo sikashukela sinokukhula;
- i-glucagon - icoca lipids, ikhuthaza ukwanda kwe-glucose egazini, imele i-cholesterol, ivuselele ukunyanga, inyuse ukuphuma kwegazi;
- somatostatin - inqanda ukuveliswa kwamahomoni athile, umzekelo, i-insulin, somatotropin, inqanda ukubunjwa kwe-enzymes yokugaya.
I-hormone ye-thyroid
Ingqungquthela ye-Thyroid (igama lamazwe ngamazwe - i-thyroid) - ilungu elithatha inxaxheba ngokumalunga nokumisela nokulungelelaniswa kweenkqubo ezenzeka kuzo zonke izitho zomntu. Kubizwa ngokuba yi "violin enkulu" kwi-orchestra yeempawu zendalo ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni. Xa ubuzwa ukuba yiyiphi i-hormones ye-thyroid, ungaphendula ngelizwi elinye-lo bubomi, ngaphandle kwabo ukusebenza komzimba akunakwenzeka.
I-thyroid gland yafundwa oogqirha ababehlala kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, kwaye sele bebona ukuxhomekeka kobukhulu bayo kwixabiso le-iodine elisetyenzisiweyo. Ukongezelela, ubungakanani kunye nempilo yomzimba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiminyaka yobudala, ngesondo, kwimozulu, kwindawo yokuhlala, iziganeko zokutya, ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwemikhwa emibi, imvelaphi ye-radioactive kunye nokudliwa kwamachiza athile.
Amahomoni amakhulu e-thyroid gland yi-triiodothyronine (iqulethe i-iodine molecules) kunye ne-tetraiodothyronine okanye i- thyroxine (iqulethe i-molecule i-iodine ezi-4), isicatshulwa njengeT3 kunye ne-T4. Emzimbeni, i-T4 iguqulwa ibe yi-T3, eyona nto inoxanduva lweenkqubo zokuxilonga. Ngokutya okudlulileyo kwe-iodine, i-hormone ye-thyroid iyaqedwa. Ukongezelela, iody iyakudinga ukusekwa kwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo - i-dopamine, i-adrenaline. Imveliso ye-hormone ye-thyroid ilawulwa yi-hypothalamus kunye ne-pituitary gland, kunye nengqondo.
Impembelelo yamahomoni we-thyroid gland:
- ukwandisa umbane womzimba;
- ukuqaliswa kokuhlanganiswa kwamaseli eeprotheyini ekwakheni amaseli amatsha;
- ukulawula ukukhula ngokomzimba, ukukhulelwa nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yesifo kunye nengqondo;
- ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zokuxilisa, ukunyuka kwezinga le-glucose ngenxa yokubunjwa kwamanzi amino kunye namafutha;
- ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha atshabalalayo evela kwiindawo ezinqabileyo;
- ukubunjwa kweenxalenye zegazi-erythrocytes.
I-hormone yeParathyroid
Ingqungquthela ye-parathyroid ikhona emva kwe-thyroid, kwaye iqukethe imizimba emibini yemigangatho engama-asymmetric - ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-6. I-hormone ye-Parathyroid inoxanduva lokumetabolism (i-hormone ye-parathyroid) kunye nokuxininisa kwigazi le-calcium (i-hormone ye-parathyroid). I-greyathy gland ine-receptors, ngokuncipha kwinqanaba le-calcium ekhuthaza ukukhululwa kwe-hormone ye-parathyroid, kwaye yandisa ukuxutywa kwento egazini kwaye iyancipha inkqubo yokurhoxiswa kwayo kunye nomchamo.
IiHormones zegonads
Amahomoni eesini kunye namabhinqa eentlobano zichaza zonke iinkalo ezihlobene nokuzalwa kwenzala: ukukhulelwa, ukuveliswa kwe-spermatozoa kunye namaqanda, ukukhulelwa, i-lactation njalonjalo. I-Estrogens kunye ne-androgens ziveliswa yindlela efanayo ye-biochemical, kodwa ziyahluka kakhulu kumsebenzi. Ziziphi i-hormone kubafazi kunye nendima yabo ekubunjweni komzimba wesetyhini:
- Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo ze- hormone ze- pituitary ngexesha lokukhulelwa, amantombazana aqala ukuphuhlisa i-estrogen kunye ne-progesterone.
- Amahomoni eesifazana abangela ukuphuhliswa kweempawu zesondo zesibini kunye nokuqala kokuya esikhathini, silungiselele umzimba womfazi ngokukhulelwa nokubeletha.
Ziziphi ihomoni zamadoda kunye nendima yabo kumzimba wesilisa:
- Ngaphantsi kwefuthe le-pituitary gland ngexesha lokukhulelwa, amakhwenkwe aqala ukuhlakulela i-hormone yamadoda, eyona nto ingundoqo ye testosterone.
- Amahomoni angamadoda abangela ukuphuhliswa kwempawu zesini zesibini zamadoda - ukuphuhliswa komzimba ngokuxhomekeka kwindoda yowesilisa, ukunyaniseka kwezwi, ukuphuhliswa kwezitho zangasese, ukukhula kweenwele ebusweni nasemzimbeni, ukuveliswa kwe-spermatozoa.
Indlela yokumisela izinga lamahomoni?
Ukumisela izinga lokukhutshwa, kufuneka udibanise ne-endocrinologist ongakwazi ukuchonga ukusilela kwayo okanye ukukhululeka kwaye anikezele unyango olwaneleyo. Indlela echanekileyo kunye neyona efikelelekayo yokufumana imeko yakho ye-hormonal kukuthatha uvavanyo lwegazi ngamahomoni. Ukuze isiphumo sibe nechanekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukulandela imiyalelo yesigqirha phambi kokuvavanya - ezinye izicwangciso zeesampuli zithathwa kusasa ngesisu esingenalutho, abanye - kungangeeyure ezingama-24.
Iyiphi ukuhluleka kwe-hormone?
Isihlandlo sokulungisa kwi-endocrinologist kukho ukungaphumeleli kwe-hormone ukuphulwa komsebenzi weenkqubo zonke ze-endocrine. Imiphumo emibi inezosiba kunye nokugqithisa kwama-hormone. Isizathu salokhu yimiba yezinto, kuba ukusetyenziswa okuchanekileyo kwinkqubo ye-endocrine kuyisiphumo sobambiswano olunzima kakhulu kwinkqubo yesantya ephakathi kunye neengcina ze-endocrine.
Iimpawu zokungaphumeleli kwe-hormone zingaba:
- isethi ebukhali okanye ukulahleka kwesisindo;
- utshintsho kwisondlo nokutya;
- ukungabikho, ukungaphumeleli komjikelo kubafazi;
- ubuthathaka jikelele, ukukhathala okungapheliyo;
- ukuphelelwa ngumsindo;
- ukudibanisa kwimemori;
- ukuxinwa, intloko, ukunyuka kwengcinezelo;
- ukungatshintshi kwemizwelo, utshutshiso, ukulila;
- ukukhula kweenwele ezithintekayo;
- ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini wendlela yokugaya;
- ukungonakaliswa kwesikhumba kunye neenwele - ukubonakala kwe-acne, i-dandruff.